772 research outputs found
Multifractal Properties of the Random Resistor Network
We study the multifractal spectrum of the current in the two-dimensional
random resistor network at the percolation threshold. We consider two ways of
applying the voltage difference: (i) two parallel bars, and (ii) two points.
Our numerical results suggest that in the infinite system limit, the
probability distribution behaves for small current i as P(i) ~ 1/i. As a
consequence, the moments of i of order q less than q_c=0 do not exist and all
current of value below the most probable one have the fractal dimension of the
backbone. The backbone can thus be described in terms of only (i) blobs of
fractal dimension d_B and (ii) high current carrying bonds of fractal dimension
going from to d_B.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures; 1 reference added; to appear in Phys. Rev. E
(Rapid Comm
Exact results and scaling properties of small-world networks
We study the distribution function for minimal paths in small-world networks.
Using properties of this distribution function, we derive analytic results
which greatly simplify the numerical calculation of the average minimal
distance, , and its variance, . We also discuss the
scaling properties of the distribution function. Finally, we study the limit of
large system sizes and obtain some analytic results.Comment: RevTeX, 4 pages, 5 figures included. Minor corrections and addition
Video Pandemics: Worldwide Viral Spreading of Psy's Gangnam Style Video
Viral videos can reach global penetration traveling through international
channels of communication similarly to real diseases starting from a
well-localized source. In past centuries, disease fronts propagated in a
concentric spatial fashion from the the source of the outbreak via the short
range human contact network. The emergence of long-distance air-travel changed
these ancient patterns. However, recently, Brockmann and Helbing have shown
that concentric propagation waves can be reinstated if propagation time and
distance is measured in the flight-time and travel volume weighted underlying
air-travel network. Here, we adopt this method for the analysis of viral meme
propagation in Twitter messages, and define a similar weighted network distance
in the communication network connecting countries and states of the World. We
recover a wave-like behavior on average and assess the randomizing effect of
non-locality of spreading. We show that similar result can be recovered from
Google Trends data as well.Comment: 10 page
Topological dragging of solitons
We put forward properties of solitons supported by optical lattices featuring
topological dislocations, and show that solitons experience attractive and
repulsive forces around the dislocations. Suitable arrangements of dislocations
are even found to form soliton traps, and the properties of such solitons are
shown to crucially depend on the trap topology. The uncovered phenomenon opens
a new concept for soliton control and manipulation, e.g., in disk-shaped
Bose-Einstein condensates.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, to appear in Physical Review Letter
Elementary processes governing the evolution of road networks
Urbanisation is a fundamental phenomenon whose quantitative characterisation
is still inadequate. We report here the empirical analysis of a unique data set
regarding almost 200 years of evolution of the road network in a large area
located north of Milan (Italy). We find that urbanisation is characterised by
the homogenisation of cell shapes, and by the stability throughout time of
high-centrality roads which constitute the backbone of the urban structure,
confirming the importance of historical paths. We show quantitatively that the
growth of the network is governed by two elementary processes: (i)
`densification', corresponding to an increase in the local density of roads
around existing urban centres and (ii) `exploration', whereby new roads trigger
the spatial evolution of the urbanisation front. The empirical identification
of such simple elementary mechanisms suggests the existence of general, simple
properties of urbanisation and opens new directions for its modelling and
quantitative description.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
Towards two-dimensional metallic behavior at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces
Using a low-temperature conductive-tip atomic force microscope in
cross-section geometry we have characterized the local transport properties of
the metallic electron gas that forms at the interface between LaAlO3 and
SrTiO3. At low temperature, we find that the carriers do not spread away from
the interface but are confined within ~10 nm, just like at room temperature.
Simulations taking into account both the large temperature and electric-field
dependence of the permittivity of SrTiO3 predict a confinement over a few nm
for sheet carrier densities larger than ~6 10^13 cm-2. We discuss the
experimental and simulations results in terms of a multi-band carrier system.
Remarkably, the Fermi wavelength estimated from Hall measurements is ~16 nm,
indicating that the electron gas in on the verge of two-dimensionality.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review Letter
Phase diagram of the Bose-Hubbard Model on Complex Networks
Critical phenomena can show unusual phase diagrams when defined in complex
network topologies. The case of classical phase transitions such as the
classical Ising model and the percolation transition has been studied
extensively in the last decade. Here we show that the phase diagram of the
Bose-Hubbard model, an exclusively quantum mechanical phase transition, also
changes significantly when defined on random scale-free networks. We present a
mean-field calculation of the model in annealed networks and we show that when
the second moment of the average degree diverges the Mott-insulator phase
disappears in the thermodynamic limit. Moreover we study the model on quenched
networks and we show that the Mott-insulator phase disappears in the
thermodynamic limit as long as the maximal eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix
diverges. Finally we study the phase diagram of the model on Apollonian
scale-free networks that can be embedded in 2 dimensions showing the extension
of the results also to this case.Comment: (6 pages, 4 figures
Spatio-temporal beam dynamics in multimode nonlinear optical fibers
ABSTRACT
We overview recent advances in the spatio-temporal nonlinear dynamics of optical pulses propagating in multimode optical fibers. The Kerr effect leads to spatial beam self-cleaning in a graded-index multimode optical fiber, followed by sideband series generation spanning multiple octaves. Effectively single mode supercontinuum spanning from the visible to the mid-infrared was also demonstrated. Enhancement of Kerr beam self-cleaning was observed in active fiber with quasi-step index profile. Moreover, mutual self-cleaning was recently reported for both the fundamental and the second harmonic beams in optically poled multimode fibers with cubic and quadratic nonlinearity
Dynamical response and confinement of the electrons at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface
With infrared ellipsometry and transport measurements we investigated the
electrons at the interface between LaAlO3 and SrTiO3. We obtained a sheet
carrier density of Ns~5-9x 10E13 cm^-2, an effective mass of m*~3m_e, and a
strongly frequency dependent mobility. The latter are similar as in bulk
SrTi1-xNbxO3 and therefore suggestive of polaronic correlations of the confined
carriers. We also determined the vertical density profile which has a strongly
asymmetric shape with a rapid initial decay over the first 2 nm and a
pronounced tail that extends to about 11 nm.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, 1 EPAPS file (3 figures
Association between ambulatory 24-hour blood pressure levels and brain volume reduction: a cross-sectional elderly population-based study
Previous literature has shown mixed results regarding the association between blood pressure levels and brain volume reduction. The objectives of this study were to determine whether high blood pressure levels were associated with focal brain volume reduction and whether high blood pressure-related focal brain volume reduction was associated with a decline in executive function performance. On the basis of a cross-sectional design, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements, as well as brain morphology from 3-dimensional magnetic resonance images, were assessed among 183 participants (mean, 65 +/- 0.6 years; 62.4% women). Average levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, as well as dip, pulse pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure, were used as outcomes. Cortical gray and white matter volumes were determined by automatic calculation using Statistical Parametric Mapping segmentation. Folstein\u27s Mini-Mental State Examination, digit span, part B of Trail Making, and Stroop tests were used to assess executive function performance. Sex, use of antihypertensive drugs, duration of hypertension, leukoaraiosis, body mass index, education level, and total brain matter volume were used as potential confounders. A significant blood pressure-related decrease in gray matter volume of the left supplementary motor areas (Brodmann area 6) and of the left superior and middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 8) was shown. No significant decrease was found with white matter volume. Blood pressure-related decreases in gray matter volume were significantly associated with a decline in executive function performance. The association of high blood pressure with brain volume reduction may in part explain blood pressure-related cognitive decline leading to dementia
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