Conflicts Polish-Russian from the end of XI century to the beginning of XII century.

Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają wysnuć następujące wnioski:Wzajemne stosunki polsko-ruskie układały się w przeważającej mierze poprawnie, a toz powodu częstych polsko-ruskich związków małżeńskich. Obserwujemy je już od początkówXI wieku. Chcę tylko przy tej okazji zwrócić uwagę na fakt, że różnice religijne międzykatolickimi Polakami, a prawosławnymi Rusinami nie były przeszkodą w zawieraniu tychżemałżeństw.Zawieranie związków małżeńskich Piastów i książąt ruskich, miało na celu umacnianiesojuszy i było bardzo ważnym zabiegiem dyplomatycznym. Należy nadmienić, że były tomałżeństwa dynastyczne.Zarówno książęta ruscy, jak i książęta polscy szukali wzajemnie schronienia w zależnościod sytuacji politycznej w danej chwili. Jaropełk Piotr Iziasławowicz dążył52do konfliktu z Wsiewołodem. Powodem były pretensje do tronu kijowskiego. Został jednakpokonany przez syna Wsiewołoda, Włodzimierza Monomacha pod Kijowem i zbiegłdo Polski, na dwór Władysława I Hermana.( był to syn Gertrudy, a Władysław Herman byłdla matki Jaropełka bratankiem). Dawid Igorewicz, gdy popadł w konflikt ze Światopełkiempo oślepieniu Wasylka Rościsławowicza, księcia trembowelskiego, udał się dwór WładysławaHermana. ( 1097 r.) Zbigniew w 1106 r. szukał pomocy u Światopełka podczas konfliktuJeżeli chodzi o polsko-ruski rodzaj interwencji zbrojnych, to wyróżnić tu możemy wyprawy ocharakterze typowo łupieżczym, wyprawy odwetowe oraz takie, które przybywały jednej lubdrugiej stronie jako posiłki w celu udzielenia pomocy zbrojnej.Tak książęta ruscy jak i książęta polscy występowali w roli mediatorów, rozjemców, braliudział w misjach dyplomatycznych.konflikty polsko-ruskie nie miały charakteru narodowościowego. Nie prowadzono też miedzysobą wojen w dosłownym tego słowa znaczeniu. Konflikty te należy traktować w kategoriachsporów między krewniakami.Mutual Polish-Russian relatioship was on the whole correct, due to frequent Polish-Ruthenianmarriages. We observe them since the early eleventh century. I would like to take thisopportunity to draw attention to the fact that religious differences between Catholic Poles andOrthodox Ruthenians were not an obstacle to these marriages.Marriages between the Piast and the Russian princes were aimed at strengthening alliances andit was a very important diplomatic procedure. It should be noted that these were the dynasticmarriages.Both Russian and Polish princes sought refuge in each other's conutries, depending on thepolitical situation at the time. Jaropelk Peter Iziasławowicz wanted a conflict with Vsevolod. Thereason for this were his claims to the throne of Kiev. However, he was defeated by the son ofVsevolod, Vladimir Monomakh near Kiev and escaped to Poland, to the court of Władysław IHerman. (he was the son of Gertrude and Ladislaus Herman was the Jaropelk's mother'snephew). David Igorewicz, when came into conflict with Swiatopelk after blinding WasylkoRościsławowicz, the Trembowla prince, went to the court of Władysław Herman. (1097.)Zbigniew in 1106 sought help from Swiatopelk during the conflict.As far as the kind of Polish-Russian military interventions, there were of several sorts: to attackand loot, to seek revenge, and those that arrived one side or the other as reinforcements toassist the military.Both Ruthenian and Polish princes acted as mediators, conciliators, participated in diplomaticmissions.Polish-Russian conflicts did not have a nationalistic character. There were no wars betweenthese two nation in the literal sense of the word. These conflicts should be seen in terms ofdisputes between relatives

Rhenium(VII) Compounds as Inorganic Precursors for the Synthesis of Organic Reaction Catalysts

Rhenium is an element that exhibits a broad range of oxidation states. Synthesis paths of selected rhenium compounds in its seventh oxidation state, which are common precursors for organic reaction catalysts, were presented in this paper. Production technologies for copper perrhenate, aluminum perrhenate as well as the ammonia complex of cobalt perrhenate, are thoroughly described. An ion exchange method, based on Al or Cu metal ion sorption and subsequent elution by aqueous perrhenic acid solutions, was used to obtain perrhenates. The produced solutions were neutralized to afford the targeted aluminum perrhenate and copper perrhenate products in high purity. The developed technologies allow one to manage the wastes from the production of these perrhenates as most streams were recycled. Hexaamminecobalt(III) perrhenate was produced by a newly developed method enabling us to produce a high purity compound in a reaction of spent hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride solution with a perrhenic acid. All prepared compounds are the basis for precursor preparation in organic catalysis

Impact of a Graphene Oxide Reducing Agent on a Semi-Permeable Graphene/Reduced Graphene Oxide Forward Osmosis Membrane Filtration Efficiency

Graphene has been considered as a material that may overcome the limitations of polymer semi-permeable membranes in water treatment technology. However, monolayer graphene still suffers from defects that cause leakage. Here, we report a method of sealing defects in graphene transferred onto porous polymer substrate via reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The influence of various reducing agents (e.g., vitamin C, hydrazine) on the properties of rGO was investigated by SEM, Raman, FTIR, and XRD. Subsequently, membranes based on graphene/reduced graphene oxide were tested in a forward osmosis system using sodium chloride (NaCl). The effect of the effectiveness of the reduction of graphene oxide, the type and number of attached groups, the change in the distance between the rGO flakes, and the structure of this material were examined in terms of filtration efficiency. As a result, semi-permeable centimetre-scale membranes with ion blocking efficiency of up to 90% and water flux of 20 mL h−1 m−2 bar−1 were proposed

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