Comportamiento a campo de Pinus ponderosa inoculado con hongos ectomicorrícicos plantado en pastizales de estepa en Patagonia Andina, Argentina

Pinus ponderosa es la especie forestal más plantada en el área de ecotono de Patagonia, Argentina, sujeta a estrés hídrico y clima mediterráneo. Los hongos ectomicorrícicos forman asociaciones obligadas y mutuamente beneficiosas con P. ponderosa, que mejoran el crecimiento de las plantas y la resistencia a condiciones adversas. Este trabajo reporta resultados de un ensayo de campo de cinco años de duración, que buscó determinar cuáles especies ectomicorrícicas son más beneficiosas para la supervivencia, el crecimiento, y el estatus nutricional de P. ponderosa luego de la plantación. El estudio se condujo en dos plantaciones experimentales en pastizales patagónicos, donde plántulas de P. ponderosa inoculadas con Suillus luteus, Rhizopogon roseolus, Hebeloma mesophaeum y hojarasca de P. ponderosa junto a un control sin inoculación fueron plantados en un diseño de bloques al azar. La inoculación con R. roseolus y S. luteus mejoró significativamente el crecimiento de P. ponderosa luego del trasplante en el sitio con mayor estrés hídrico, en comparación con los tratamientos inoculados con H. mesophaeum u hojarasca. El tratamiento con hojarasca mostró abundante colonización de Amphinema byssoides. Estos resultados permiten recomendar especies ectomicorrícicas apropiadas para vastas áreas de forestación en Patagonia, y confirmar que diferentes especies ectomicorrícicas se comportan distinto en los sitios de plantación, generando crecimientos diferentes que pueden no ser detectados en la fase de vivero. La inoculación con especies de hongos promotores de crecimiento que producen fructificaciones comestibles ofrece mejores crecimientos a las plantas, junto a un producto forestal no maderero aprovechable mientras la forestación crece.Pinus ponderosa is the most planted tree species in the ecotone area of Patagonia, Argentina, subjected to water stress and a Mediterranean climate. Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi form obligate mutually beneficial associations with ponderosa pine which improve plant growth and resistance to adverse conditions. This work reports field results of a five-year trial aimed at determining which EM fungal species were most beneficial for pine seedling survival, growth and nutritional status after plantation. The study was conducted in two experimental plantations located in Patagonian grasslands, where ponderosa pine seedlings inoculated with Suillus luteus, Rhizopogon roseolus, Hebeloma mesophaeum and pine duff plus a control were planted in a randomized block design. Inoculation with R. roseolus and S. luteus significantly improved ponderosa pine growth following outplanting in the site subjected to higher water stress, compared with inoculations with H. mesophaeum and pine duff. Pine duff was characterized by abundant Amphinema byssoides morphotypes. These results allow recommending appropriate EM species for afforestation in vast areas of Patagonia, and confirm that different EM species behave differently after transplant, generating different plant growth that may not be detected at nursery stage. Inoculation with these growths promoting edible mycorrhizal species could provide better tree growth and a non-timber product while stands are growing.Fil: Barroetaveña, Carolina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bassani, Vilma Noemí. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Monges, Juan Ignacio. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Rajchenberg, Mario. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Edible fungi for local and sustainable development in the Patagonian Andes forests of Argentina: A review

Wild fungi are one of the most characteristic and diverse non-wood forest products from native and planted forest environments and grasslands in the Patagonian Andes. Through the technological and scientific platform “Patagonia Fungi, trails and tastes®”, we work to promote mycotourism and mycogastronomy as sustainable identity and inclusive economic and educational activities that promote local development, taking advantage of the outstanding regional tourist profile. We also work on the development of functional foods and promote the cultivation of edible and medicinal fungi. The main ob-jectives of this research were to define novel edible species and evaluate them for sustainable uses, including: environmental characterizations of their fruiting niches and ‘mycosilvicultural’ managements to increase their productivity; documentation and analysis of the ancestral uses and their processes of change; determination of the nutritional and nutraceutical profiles; studies of molecular genetic diversity of various genera; protocols for the domestication of wild species; evaluation and se-lection of lignocellulosic substrates for cultivation from available residues in Patagonian Andes; economic aspects related to the marketing and use in local gastronomy; evaluation of postharvest preservation techniques. Most relevant actions include the design and implementation of mycotourism trails, the promotion of an identity mycogastronomy; the inter-institutional management of protocols for sustainable harvesting and food safety practices; the incorporation of 21 new species in the Argentinean Food Code. We also work for food sovereignty through a spawn production laboratory fostering edible and medicinal fungi cultivation through courses and assistance to producers from family to productive scales.Fil: Barroetaveña, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; ArgentinaFil: Pildain, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentin

Trabajos amigables con el ambiente

Uno de los temas prioritarios en RIO+20 se centrará en el trabajo. El escenario actual presenta oportunidades para migrar a este tipo de ocupaciones que se caracterizan por disminuir las emisiones de carbono y ser socialmente inclusivos.Gerencia de Comunicación e Imagen Institucional, DNA SICC, INTAFil: Barroetaveña, Matías. Argentina. Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social. Subsecretaria de Políticas de Empleo y Formación Profesional; Argentin

Spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi as inoculants for Nothofagus pumilio and exotic conifer seedlings in Patagonia, Argentina: Their activity and conservation

Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi incorporation in nursery production is necessary for afforestation with exotic tree species and native forests restoration programs. The fact that spore use as EM inocula is inexpensive and effective, makes it an option more realistic than vegetative inoculum production for many regions around the world. To determine spore activity from EM species selected as inoculants for Nothofagus pumilio and exotic conifers planted in Patagonia, two conservation methods were applied (i.e., dried fruit bodies and spore slurries), and their change over time was assessed (over 8-9 months). Spore activity decreased significantly with time for both native and exotic EM species. Conservation methods showed no significant differences for N. pumilio EM species considered together or for exotic conifer EM species. However, spore activity of different EM species behaved differently with conservation method and over time when considered separately. Taxa which better kept spore activity over time were Austropaxillus statuum and Setchelliogaster fragilis for N. pumilio, and Inocybe kauffmanii for exotic conifers. However, considering together fruit body spore density and spore activity, the species Hallingea purpurea and Cortinarius sp. also appeared as suitable for N. pumilio and Rhizopogon roseolus, R. villosulus, Suillus luteus and S. lakei for exotic conifers. Spore density found in EM fungal fructifications were also established in order to estimate fructification weights necessary to apply a reference dose of active spores in inoculation programs.Fil: Bassani, V. N.. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; ArgentinaFil: Barroetaveña, Carolina. Provincia del Chubut. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rajchenberg, Mario. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Provincia del Chubut. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Evaluation of the mycorrhizal condition of ponderosa pine seedlings produced with high fertilization levels and lacking mycorrhizal management

Repetidos reportes de plantadores de la zona cordillerana del Chubut (Argentina) han señalado que las plántulas de Pinus ponderosa,especie ectotrófica obligada, producidas bajo invernáculo con fertirriego y sin aplicación de inoculantes ectomicorrícicos, que presentaban baja o nula infección ectomicorrícica al terminar la etapa de vivero, mostraron excelentes comportamientos en los sitios de plantación durante los primeros años. Por ello, se planteó este estudio con el objetivo de constatar si las plántulas allí producidas desarrollan asociaciones micorrícicas una vez llevadas a plantación, y si éstas se originan a partir de inóculo adquirido en el vivero. Para ello, se realizaron tres evaluaciones de las plántulas: 1) al salir del vivero de producción acelerada, para constatar el estado micorrícico inicial, 2) después de seis meses de crecimiento luego de un trasplante a macetas con sustrato semi-estéril, para constatar si existía inóculo en el sistema que no se expresaba por el fertirriego, y 3) después de 24 meses luego de implantadas en un predio alejado de cualquier fuente de inóculo ectomicorrícico, para constatar el tipo de asociaciones formadas en el sitio de plantación. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron demostrar que: 1) el vivero de producción acelerada produjo plántulas con nuloo muy bajo porcentaje de micorrización y una baja riqueza en morfotipos; 2) las plántulas presentaron muy buenos porcentajes demicorrización al cabo de seis meses (en condiciones de invernáculo de crecimiento) o de dos años (en condiciones de campo), y 3) los diferentes hongos micorrícicos reaccionaron diferencialmente a la aplicación de fertirriego. Se evidenció que el vivero analizado incorpora fortuitamente inóculo micorrícico que coloniza rápidamente a las plántulas inmediatamente después de suspendida la fertirrigación, demostrando que la hipótesis de que las plántulas de P. ponderosa pueden establecerse y crecer en ambientes anectotróficos sin asociaciones EM es falsa..Several reports of tree planters from the Patagonian Andes region of Chubut (Argentina) have pointed out that seedlings of Pinus ponderosa, obligate ectotrophic species, produced in greenhouses with high levels of fertilization without ectomycorrhizal inoculum applications, showed low or null ectomycorrhizal infection at the end of nursery stage but had excellent performance in plantation sites during the first years. This study was planned to evaluate if those seedlings develop mycorrhizal associations once installed in plantations, and if those associations are originated from inoculums acquired in the nursery. Three evaluations were done: 1) analyses of seedlings at the end of nursery period, to evaluate their initial mycorrhizal condition, 2) analyses after 6 month, with seedlings transplanted into pots with semi-sterile substrate, to establish if there exists inoculum in the system that did not express because of the high fertilization levels and, 3) analyses after 24 month, with seedlings planted in a field distant from any source of ectomycorrhizal inoculum, to evaluate the associations developed in the planting site. Results showed that: 1) the studied nursery produced seedlings with null or very low levels of mycorrhization, with low morphotypes’ richness; 2) seedlings showed very high mycorrhizal percentages after 6 months (under greenhouse conditions) and after 24 months (in field conditions); 3) different mycorrhizal fungi behave differently under fertilization. The analyzed nursery fortuitously incorporated mycorrhizal inoculum that rapidly colonized seedlings, immediately after fertilization was interrupted. This fact demonstrates that the hypothesis that ponderosa pine seedlings can establish and grow in anectotrophic environments without EM symbioses is false.Fil: Salgado Salomón, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; ArgentinaFil: Rajchenberg, Mario. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Barroetaveña, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Rescuing the ectomycorrhizal biodiversity associated with South American Nothofagaceae forest, from the 19th century naturalists up to molecular biogeography

The southernmost portion of the Andes in South America hosts Nothofagaceae forests that form ectomycorrhizal (EcM) associations. We compiled all the published reports of EcM taxa from these woodlands, based on fruit-body collections and molecularly identified root tips. This resulted in 87 peer-reviewed research papers dealing with EcM associations from Nothofagaceae forests published over the past 62 years. Based on these papers the EcM richness and its association with Nothofagaceae species was analyzed. Represented by 45 genera (34 Basidiomycetes and 11 Ascomycetes), 479 EcM taxa have been recorded, plus an additional 46 EcM taxa which are potentially EcM. Cortinarius was the most frequent and diverse genus, with 64.9% of total species. Nothofagus dombeyi had the highest number of unique EcM species, followed by N. pumilio, N. antarctica and Lophozonia obliqua. The EcM community associated with Nothofagus species, except N. nitida, showed higher similarities among themselves, than with Lophozonia and Fuscospora species. Beta diversity indexes showed EcM Nothofagus species have 29-42% niche overlap, while Nothofagus-Lophozonia only had 1-16%. The assessment of the accuracy of the EcM diversity, host specificity and community structure deserve further studies combining phylogenetic analysis based on broad ecological surveys. On the basis of pre-selected criteria Austropaxillus statuum, Cortinarius fragilis, Cortinarius xiphidipus and Hallingea purpurea are proposed as candidates for nursery spore inoculations, and should be subject to scientific evaluation to determine costs and benefits.Fil: Barroetaveña, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "san Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ingeniería - Sede Esquel. Cátedra de Patología Forestal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Salgado Salomón, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ingeniería - Sede Esquel. Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal; ArgentinaFil: Bassani, Vilma. No especifíca

Assessment of lignocellulosic residues from Northern Patagonian Andes (Argentina) for cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus

This work evaluated mycelial growth rate (Kr) and fruiting of two Pleurotus ostreatus commercial strains (A01, 129) on formulations composed of lignocellulosic residues from farming and agroindustry of Northern Patagonian Andes, and of woody materials from invasive plants. Rosehip fluffs (RF), rosehip woodchips (RWC), southern beech wood shavings (SBWS), wheat straw (WS), and willow woodchips (WWC) were used as base substrates, and brewing bagasse (BB) as an alternative supplement to wheat bran (WB). Kr was higher in WS-WB and WS-BB for both strains. Experiments in fruiting chambers showed biological efficiencies (BEs) above 40% in WS-BB (both strains) and WS-WB (strain 129). Formulations using RWC or WWC gave BEs under 40%, while those composed of SBWS or RF showed lower Kr and contamination by moulds. Medium-scale fruiting experiments using strain A01 showed the highest BEs in WS-BB and RWC-WB. These results suggest that WS is the best substrate for Pleurotus ostreatus culture, although scarce in Northern Patagonian Andes. Nevertheless,WWC and RWC are suggested as alternative substrates, while BB is cheap and abundant, suitable as an alternative supplement to WB.Fil: Roggero Luque, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Rugolo, Maximiliano. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rajchenberg, Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; ArgentinaFil: Barroetaveña, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Chemical and antioxidant properties of wild edible mushrooms from native Nothofagus spp. forest, Argentina

This study addresses issues regarding chemical and bioactive properties of nine wild edible mushrooms from native Nothofagus forest from Patagonia, Argentina. Macronutrients, sugars, fatty acids, tocopherols, organic acids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties were determined. Protein was found in high levels and varied between 3.35 g/100 g dw in Cyttaria hariotii and 22.29 g/100 g dw in Lepista nuda. All of them presented mannitol and trehalose as main sugars. Mannitol was significantly higher in Ramaria patagonica, although absent in Fistulina endoxantha, whereas trehalose predominated in Aleurodiscus vitellinus, Hydropus dusenii, Cortinarius magellanicus, C. hariotii, Grifola gargal and L. nuda, ranging from 1.15 to 10.26 g/100 g dw; it was absent in R. patagonica. The major fatty acid found was linoleic acid, followed by oleic acid and palmitic acid. All species presented oxalic and fumaric acids, while some also had malic, quinic and citric acids. Tocopherols composition was variable. Cortinarius magellanicus presented significantly higher contents of both α-tocopherol and β-tocopherol. R. patagonica presented the best results in all the antioxidant activity assays (EC50 values ≤ 1 mg/mL) and the highest content of phenolic compounds presenting gallic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric and cinnamic acids. This study constitutes the first report on chemical composition and nutritional value of most of these edible mushroom species. Furthermore, it provides important information necessary to characterize and define the use of these species as gastronomic delicacies, functional foods and sources of bioactive compounds.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Assessment of lignocellulosic residues from Patagonia argentina for cultivation of the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes (Basidiomycota)

Este trabajo evaluó la tasa decrecimiento micelial (Kr) y la producción de basidiomas de dos cepascomerciales del hongo shiitake Lentinulaedodes (B05 y M3790) en formulaciones compuestas de residuoslignocelulósicos procedentes de actividades agrícolas y agroindustriales de laregión andina de Patagonia Norte y de materiales leñosos de plantas invasoras.Las formulaciones consistieron de un sustrato base, como chips de madera desauce (ChS), chips de madera de ?rosa mosqueta? (ChRM), pelusa de rosa mosqueta(PRM) o virutas de ?lenga? (VL), mezclado con un suplemento, como salvado detrigo (ST) o bagazo de cebada cervecera (BC). Las dos cepas evaluadas mostraronlas mayores Kr con ChRM-ST. La producción de basidiomas tuvo lugar lo largo de1 a 4 oleadas, durante un máximo de 124 días. Las máximas eficienciasbiológicas (EB) se obtuvieron con la cepa M3790, destacándose ChS (118,86%) y VL(88,73%), ambos suplementados con ST. La cepa B05 alcanzó las máximas EB con ChS-ST(54,72%) y con ChRM-BC (50,43%). Los resultados obtenidos especialmente con ChRMy ChS, sumado a su abundancia en Patagonia argentina, sugieren que estos materialespueden ser aprovechados como sustratos para la producción comercial de shiitake,actividad aún no desarrollada a gran escala en la región.This work assessed the mycelial growth rate (Kr) and basidiome production of two commercial strains of shiitake mushroom Lentinula edodes (B05 and M3790) in formulations composed of lignocellulosic residues from agricultural and agroindustrial activities in Northern Andean Patagonia and woody materials from invasive plants. The formulations consisted of a base substrate, such as willow wood chips (ChS), rosehip wood chips (ChRM), rosehip fluff (PRM) or southern beech shavings (VL), mixed with a supplement, such as wheat bran (ST) or malting barley bagasse (BC). Both strains showed the highest Kr with ChRM-ST. Basidiome production took place over 1 to 4 flushes for a maximum of 124 days. The highest biological efficiencies (EB) were obtained with strain M3790, particularly using ChS (118.86%) and VL (88.73%), both supplemented with ST. Strain B05 showed the highest EB in ChS-ST (54.72%) and in ChRM-BC (50.43%). The results obtained, especially in ChRM and ChS, in addition to their abundance in Argentinian Patagonia, suggest that these materials can be used as substrates for the commercial production of shiitake, an activity that is still not developed on a large scale in this region.Fil: Roggero Luque, Juan Manuel. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rugolo, Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Barroetaveña, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentin

Caracterización del estado del arte, uso y agregado de valor del recurso hongos comestibles en el sector gastronómico de la cordillera de Chubut

Los hongos comestibles silvestres constituyen uno de los principales productos forestales no madereros disponibles en la región cordillerana patagónica, lo que los transforma en un recurso productivo atractivo para su aprovechamiento y agregado de valor en el sector gastronómico local, con cualidades para ser considerados como un producto con identidad patagónica. Estos productos pueden resultar de interés para los turistas que arriban a la región, abriendo las puertas al desarrollo del micoturismo y micogastronomía en temporada baja, cuando los hongos fructifican. Con el objetivo de identificar el uso actual que el sector gastronómico realiza de este recurso y la proyección para el desarrollo de nuevos mercados de consumo, se realizó una encuesta semiestructurada dirigida a los responsables del diseño de la carta de restaurantes y casas de comida de Esquel y Trevelin (Chubut). Se encontró que el producto fue incluido en la carta del 61% de los establecimientos y es valorado por su potencial para ser considerado un producto con identidad patagónica. El 60% de los cocineros buscó información acerca del insumo hongos comestibles. Entre los aspectos menos favorables, se detectó que no se aprovecha la diversidad de especies naturalmente disponibles en la región, aunque se conocen algunas de ellas. Los restaurantes presentaron una mayor oferta de hongos en sus cartas respecto a las casas de comida; las especies preferidas son el hongo de pino, el champiñón (cultivado), la morilla, el portobello (cultivado) y el champiñón silvestre. Las especies más utilizadas fueron aquellas que se pueden comprar y también recolectar en la región (hongo de pino y morilla principalmente), en relación con otros más difundidos en el ambiente culinario como el portobello y la gírgola, con excepción del champiñón de París. Los resultados aportaron información para el diseño de futuras actividades de investigación aplicada, de extensión y de políticas públicas que apunten a promover el uso, difusión y agregado de valor de los hongos silvestres comestibles de la Patagonia.Wild edible mushrooms are one of the main non-wood forest products available in the Andean Patagonian region, being potential productive resources through their use and added value in the local gastronomic sector, with qualities to be considered as products with Patagonian identity. They could be of interest to tourists who arrive in the region, opening the door to the development of mycotourism and mycogastronomy in the low seasons, when fungi fructify. In order to identify the current use that the gastronomic sector makes of this resource and the projection develop new markets, a semi-structured survey was conducted to those responsible for designing restaurants and food houses menus in the cities of Esquel and Trevelin. It was found that the product was included in the menu of 61% of the establishments and was positively valued as a product with Patagonian identity. 60% of chefs had sought information about edible mushrooms. Among the less favorable aspects, it was detected that the diversity of wild mushroom species from the region is not being exploited, although some species are known. The restaurants presented a greater supply of mushrooms in their menus regarding food houses, with pine mushroom, champigñon (cultivated), morilla, portobello (cultivated) and wild champigñon being the preferred species. The most used species were those that can be bought and also collected in the region (mainly pine mushroom and morilla), in relation to others more widespread in the culinary environment such as portobello and girgola, with the exception of white Champignon. The results provided information for the design of future activities of applied research, extension and public policies aimed at promoting the use, dissemination and added value of wild edible mushrooms in Patagonia.Gerencia de Comunicación Institucional, DG SICyP, INTAFil: Fernández, M.V. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco; ArgentinaFil: Pildain, M.B. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico. Area de Protección Forestal; ArgentinaFil: Pildain, M.B. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pildain, M.B. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco; ArgentinaFil: Barroetaveña, Carolina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Barroetaveña, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; ArgentinaFil: Barroetaveña, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin