INTRODUCCIÓN: «AQUÍ NO HAY PARTIDOS»: ESTUDIOS Y PERSPECTIVAS SOBRE LAS FACCIONES Y GRUPOS POLÍTICOS DEL SIGLO XIX HISPANOAMERICANO

Introducción

GUÍA DE FUENTES PARA LA INVESTIGACIÓN EN CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS

Se presenta una panorámica de las distintas fuentes que utilizan los investigadores en ciencias económicas, indicando sus características principales y utilidad. Se presentan las características que en esta área tienen los libros, los diferentes tipos de artículos y las revistas, así como el ordenamiento y las mediciones de impacto de las revistas. Se presentan también las fuentes de datos primarios más importantes en la práctica investigativa, haciendo énfasis en la investigación en Hispanoamérica.Metodología, Enseñanza de la economía, Investigación

La construcción de la objetividad en la contabilidad

Accounting standards have been established as a condition that must comply the accounting information, the "objectivity". As standards have been established by consensus, also the meaning of this term has been agreed, and it has varied over time.We consider interesting and useful approach to its meaning, and contribute, from different perspectives, a greater understanding of its scope, its advantages and disadvantages.Las normas contables han establecido como condición que debe cumplir la información contable, la “objetividad”. Como las normas han sido establecidas por consenso, también el significado de este término ha sido consensuado, y ha ido variando a través del tiempo. Consideramos interesante y útil acercarse a su significado, y aportar, desde diferentes perspectivas, una mayor comprensión de sus alcances, sus ventajas y desventajas

Impregnación de platino y dimensión fractal en dos tipos de sólidos microporosos

El presente trabajo muestra la modificación de una zeolita-Y y una arcilla pilarizada (tipo saponita) mediante impregnación con diferentes cargas de Pt (catalizadores a base de Pt). Los sólidos se caracterizaron en cuanto a su composición química y su textura. La caracterización textural revela cambios importantes en los sólidos, mostrando que se genera microporosidad en la serie de catalizadores zeolíticos y se bloquean las estructuras microporosas en la serie de catalizadores obtenidos a partir de la arcilla pilarizada. La determinación de la dimensión fractal (mediante el método de Avnir-Jaroniec) indica que la modificación con Pt afecta significativamente las características topográficas de la superficie de la arcilla pilarizada como consecuencia de la posible formación de agregados de Pt

As milícias dos voluntários franceses no Rio da Prata. Tradições de guerra, politização e diplomacia informal em tempos de crise (1829-1851)

The article analyzes the role played in the Rio de la Plata by the militias of foreign residents between 1829 and 1851, stopping especially in the bodies of French volunteers. I argue that these militia and legions in port cities such as Buenos Aires and Montevideo generated a transnational space, where different legal traditions and political cultures were combined, which allowed resident foreigners to exercise an “overseas citizenship”.  This militia experience not only made possible the self-defense of foreigners, but also became a politico-diplomatic channel of representation of their interests, in competition with the official French agents.El artículo analiza el papel desempeñado en el Río de la Plata por las milicias de residentes extranjeros entre 1829 y 1851, deteniéndose en especial en los cuerpos de voluntarios franceses. En ese sentido, sostenemos que el accionar de estos cuerpos milicianos y legiones en ciudades-puerto como Buenos Aires y Montevideo generó un espacio transnacional, donde se conjugaban diversas tradiciones legales y culturas políticas, que posibilitaron a los extranjeros residentes ejercer una “ciudadanía de ultramar”. Esta experiencia miliciana no solo posibilitó la auto-defensa de los extranjeros, sino que además se transformó en un canal político-diplomático de representación de sus intereses, en competencia con los agentes oficiales franceses.L'article analyse le rôle joué dans le Rio de la Plata par les milices de résidents étrangers entre 1829 et 1851, notamment dans les corps de volontaires français. Nous soutenons que les actions de ces milices et légions dans des villes portuaires de Buenos Aires et Montevideo ont généré un espace transnational, où différentes traditions juridiques et cultures politiques ont été combinées, ce qui a permis aux étrangers résidents d'exercer une « citoyenneté étrangère d’outre-mer». Cette expérience de milice a non seulement rendu possible la légitime défense des étrangers, mais est également devenue un moyen de représentation politico-diplomatique de leurs intérêts, en concours et conflit avec les agents français officiels.O artigo analisa o papel desempenhado no Rio da Prata pelas milícias de residentes estrangeiros entre 1829 e 1851, parando especialmente nos corpos de voluntários franceses. Nesse sentido, argumentamos que as ações desses corpos de milícias e legiões em cidades portuárias como Buenos Aires e Montevidéu geraram um espaço transnacional, onde diferentes tradições jurídicas e culturas políticas foram combinadas, o que permitiu que estrangeiros residentes exercessem uma “cidadania ultramarina”. Essa experiência de milícia não só tornou possível a autodefesa dos estrangeiros, como também tornou-se um canal político-diplomático de representação de seus interesses, em competição com os agentes oficiais francese

Fractography on Rigid Ceramics with Ultra-High-Molecular- Weight Polyethylene Fabric after Ballistic Impacts

The impact protection systems have traditionally been developed with metallic materials and structural protection applied in the automotive sector; while personal protection systems and composite systems evolve very fast, these systems have a large increase in applications due mainly to the amplitude of the manufacturing process. In the composite system for impact protection, it exposes both functionality and the rigid systems, aimed at structural protection, and flexible systems for personal protection. Nowadays, the development of materials with ballistic applications has emphasized protection of lightweight materials, for protection against projectiles of high and low speeds, among which are the bullets from weapons, fragments of tempered steel grenade hand or aircraft fragments, or a vehicle at high speed directly against housing and human integrity. It is necessary to investigate the mechanisms of fracture of the materials usually used for protection against impact, thus, it is possible to obtain important design systems that reduce the probability of failure and protect human lives and reduce damage to infrastructure information. In this chapter, the behavior of laminate sandwich-type systems, made from handcrafted ceramic plates with sheets of polyethylene (ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, UHWMPE) against the impact of a metallic projectile, has been explored. The experimental work was made of two groups with different arrangements: the first group with the side that receives the impact of ceramic material (silicon carbide, SiC)-backed polymeric material and the second group with the side that receives the impact on polymer-backed ceramic material, the plates had dimensions 200 mm2 of thickness to 5 mm for single plates and 20 mm for double plates. The experimental test was performed following the parameters of impact of NIJ III A standard. Some mechanisms (morphologies) of dissipation of kinetic energy received in the components were identified, as cited below, first in the ceramic material the formation of a crater, fracture, and delamination was observed, formed in the double and simple plates. Later, in the fabric polymeric material deformation mechanisms, such as the origination of defibrillation, conical geometry formation, delamination, twisting, and melting fibers due to the tribological contact of the metal shell impact, were observed. The exploration was culminated making a comparison between the arrangement that had higher energy absorption compared to an additional system designed with a ceramic (SiC) with less porosity, also aside to this chapter, it shows some of the deformed projectiles with a basic description of the fracture obtained after the impact, complementing the overall analysis of the systems used