Responsabilité et environnement : Questionner l’usage amateur des pesticides

Près de 10 000 tonnes de produits phytosanitaires (soit 8% de la consommation nationale) sont répandus chaque année dans les jardins des particuliers en France. Si de nombreuses recherches se sont intéressées (et s’intéressent encore) aux usages agricoles des pesticides et à leurs impacts sanitaires et environnementaux, il s’avère, important d’interroger les usages domestiques et notamment ceux des jardiniers amateurs pour plusieurs raisons: la faible superficie d’application, les types de surfaces traitées, et les pratiques et conditions d’utilisation génèrent des risques de pollution et des risques sanitaires au même titre que les usages agricoles. Par ailleurs, ces usages des pesticides pour l’entretien du jardin interpellent particulièrement dans un contexte marqué par une forte stigmatisation de ces substances et une conscientisation grandissante à l’égard des problèmes qu’elles soulèvent.Mais à qui incombe la responsabilité de prévenir ces risques intervenant dans la sphère privée? Aux pouvoirs publics qui devraient légiférer pour limiter voire interdire la vente et l’usage? Aux fabricants qui devraient mettre sur le marché des produits plus « doux »? Aux distributeurs qui devraient délivrer des conseils de qualité ou mettre sous clé les substances les plus préoccupantes? Aux jardiniers eux-mêmes qui devraient raisonner leurs utilisations et se soucier de leurs conséquences?En posant comme toile de fond de notre analyse, une société où l’individu occupe une place centrale et où l'injonction à une responsabilité individuelle semble de plus en plus marquée, notamment dans le domaine de l'environnement, notre communication s’attachera à discuter, à travers un objet de recherche original, cette notion de responsabilité et l’hypothèse de son usage nouveau par l'autorité publique qui donnerait à voir une façon nouvelle de gouverner, davantage orientée qu’auparavant vers une autorégulation individuelle des problèmes d’environnement.About 10000 tons of phytosanitary products (8 % of the national consumption) are spread every year in the gardens of the private individuals in France. If numerous researches were interested (and are still interested) in the agricultural manners of pesticides and in their sanitary and environmental impacts, it turns out important to question domestic uses in particular those of the amateur gardeners for several reasons: the weak surface of application, the types of treated surfaces, and the practices and the conditions of use, generate risks of pollution and sanitary risks in the same way as the agricultural manners. Besides, these manners of pesticides for the maintenance of the garden call particularly in a context marked by a strong stigmatization of these substances and a growing awareness towards the problems which they raise.But to whom falls the responsibility for preventing these risks occurring in the private sphere? To the authorities which should legislate to limit even to forbid the sale and the use? To the manufacturers who should launch on the market products more "soft"? To the distributors who should deliver quality advice or to put under key the most worrisome substances? To the gardeners who should reason with their uses and to care about their consequences?By resting as backcloth of our analysis, a society where the individual occupies a central place and where the order in an individual responsibility seems more and more marked, in particular in the environment domain, our communication will attempt to discuss, through an original research object, this notion of responsibility and the hypothesis of its new custom by the public authority which would give to see a new way of governing, more directed than previously to an individual autoregulation of the problems of environment

Neural Machine Translation by Generating Multiple Linguistic Factors

Factored neural machine translation (FNMT) is founded on the idea of using the morphological and grammatical decomposition of the words (factors) at the output side of the neural network. This architecture addresses two well-known problems occurring in MT, namely the size of target language vocabulary and the number of unknown tokens produced in the translation. FNMT system is designed to manage larger vocabulary and reduce the training time (for systems with equivalent target language vocabulary size). Moreover, we can produce grammatically correct words that are not part of the vocabulary. FNMT model is evaluated on IWSLT'15 English to French task and compared to the baseline word-based and BPE-based NMT systems. Promising qualitative and quantitative results (in terms of BLEU and METEOR) are reported.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figues, SLSP conferenc

Antennes-relais, panneaux photovoltaïques, publicités lumineuses : quelle place pour une propriété en marge de la copropriété

Contribution issue des actes du colloque La copropriété à la croisée de l'entre-soi et de l'individualisme organisé le 20 juin 2014, dans le cadre des activités de recherche du Centre de Recherche en Droit Privé (CRDP, EA 2116),  par la Faculté de droit, d'économie et de sciences sociales de Tours de l'Université François-Rabelais, en lien avec son Master 2 «Gestion et promotion de l'immeuble».International audienc

Online and live regular poker players: Do they differ in impulsive sensation seeking and gambling practice?

Background and aims Online gambling appears to have special features, such as anonymity, speed of play and permanent availability, which may contribute to the facilitation and increase in gambling practice, potentially leading to problem gambling. The aims of this study were to assess sociodemographic characteristics, gambling practice and impulsive sensation seeking among a population of regular poker players with different levels of gambling intensity and to compare online and live players. Methods 245 regular poker players (180 online players and 65 live players) completed online self-report scales assessing sociodemographic data, pathological gambling (SOGS), gambling practice (poker questionnaire) and impulsive sensation seeking (ImpSS). We used SOGS scores to rank players according to the intensity of their gambling practice (non-pathological gamblers, problem gamblers and pathological gamblers). Results All poker players displayed a particular sociodemographic profile: they were more likely to be young men, executives or students, mostly single and working full-time. Online players played significantly more often whereas live players reported significantly longer gambling sessions. Sensation seeking was high across all groups, whereas impulsivity significantly distinguished players according to the intensity of gambling. Discussion Our results show the specific profile of poker players. Both impulsivity and sensation seeking seem to be involved in pathological gambling, but playing different roles. Sensation seeking may determine interest in poker whereas impulsivity may be involved in pathological gambling development and maintenance. Conclusions This study opens up new research perspectives and insights into preventive and treatment actions for pathological poker players

Findings of the 2019 Conference on Machine Translation (WMT19)

This paper presents the results of the premier shared task organized alongside the Conference on Machine Translation (WMT) 2019. Participants were asked to build machine translation systems for any of 18 language pairs, to be evaluated on a test set of news stories. The main metric for this task is human judgment of translation quality. The task was also opened up to additional test suites to probe specific aspects of translation

Glycerol as a cheap, safe and sustainable solvent for the catalytic and regioselective β,β-diarylation of acrylates over palladium nanoparticles

Herein we show that glycerol can be considered as a promising cheap and green solvent for the regioselective β,β-diarylation of alkenes. Whereas this reaction is generally catalyzed under an inert atmosphere by expensive phosphine or carbene-palladium complexes, we show here that the diarylation of alkenes can be conveniently achieved in glycerol in the presence of air-stable palladium nanoparticles. These palladium nanoparticles were stabilized over a sugar-based surfactant derived from biomass. By an adjustment of the reaction temperature, we were able to control the mono- and diarylation step of alkenes, thus offering a convenient route to unsymmetrical diarylated alkenes. At the end of the reaction, the diarylated alkenes were cleanly and selectively extracted from the glycerol-palladium catalytic phase using supercritical carbon dioxide, thus affording a convenient purification work-up. Within the framework of green chemistry, this work combines (i) catalysis in a cheap, safe and sustainable medium, (ii) easily made and air-stable palladium nanoparticles as the catalyst, and (iii) a clean and selective extraction of the reaction products with supercritical carbon dioxide