Deshojado precoz en Viura y Malvasía riojana

En este trabajo se ha estudiado la aplicación de deshojado precoz en las variedades blancas Viura y Malvasía riojana como herramienta para el control del rendimiento y la mejora de la sanidad de la uva, con el objetivo de incrementar la calidad de sus vinos. Estas variedades presentan una producción elevada y racimos de gran tamaño, muy compactos, por lo que son bastante sensibles a Botrytis cinerea. Los resultados obtenidos indican que esta práctica puede plantearse como un método eficaz para el control del rendimiento y la mejora del estado sanitario de la uva; asimismo, favorece una correcta evolución del proceso de maduración, mejorando la composición de la uva debido al incremento del contenido de sólidos solubles y de compuestos fenólicos. La disminución de la acidez total y el aumento de pH que se producen en la uva, debido a la modificación del microclima de los racimos y al control del rendimiento, podría considerarse un inconveniente a tener en cuenta, sobre todo en el caso de variedades blancas que se caracterizan por un déficit de acidez total.Peer Reviewe

Phenotypic, Hormonal, and Genomic Variation Among Vitis vinifera Clones With Different Cluster Compactness and Reproductive Performance

Previous studies showed that the number of berries is a major component of the compactness level of the grapevine clusters. Variation in number of fruits is regulated by events occurring in the fruitset, but also before during the flower formation and pollination, through factors like the initial number of flowers or the gametic viability. Therefore, the identification of the genetic bases of this variation would provide an invaluable knowledge of the grapevine reproductive development and useful tools for managing yield and cluster compactness. We performed the phenotyping of four clones (two compact and two loose clones) of the Tempranillo cultivar with reproducible different levels of cluster compactness over seasons. Measures of reproductive performance included flower number per inflorescence, berry number per cluster, fruitset, coulure, and millerandage indices. Besides, their levels of several hormones during the inflorescence and flower development were determined, and their transcriptomes were evaluated at critical time points (just before the start and at the end of flowering). For some key reproductive traits, like number of berries per cluster and number of seeds per berry, clones bearing loose clusters showed differences with the compact clones and also differed from each other, indicating that each one follows different paths to produce loose clusters. Variation between clones was observed for abscisic acid and gibberellins levels at particular development stages, and differences in GAs could be related to phenotypic differences. Likewise, various changes between clones were found at the transcriptomic level, mostly just before the start of flowering. Several of the differentially expressed genes between one of the loose clones and the compact clones are known to be over-expressed in pollen, and many of them were related to cell wall modification processes or to the phenylpropanoids metabolism. We also found polymorphisms between clones in candidate genes that could be directly involved in the variation of the compactness level

Chromosome reorganizations in the origin of Tempranillo Blanco and other white grape cultivars

Póster presentado en la 11th International Conference on Grapevine Breeding and Genetics, celebrada en Pekín del 29 de julio al 2 de agosto de 2014.Acknowledgmcnts: Projects 8102011-26229 and INNOVINE.Peer Reviewe

Selección clonal de la Garnacha Blanca en el Valle del Ebro: situación actual

1 Pág. (Resumen ampliado)Durante el pasado año 2018 se ha continuado trabajando en la iniciativa surgida en el año 2015 en el Valle del Ebro en torno a la variedad Garnacha Blanca. Diferentes centros de las Comunidades Autónomas de La Rioja (SIV- ICVV), Navarra (EVENA), Aragón (CTA y CSIC) y Cataluña (INCAVI) comenzaron a trabajar de manera coordinada con el fin de aumentar la disponibilidad y diversidad en el mercado de material vegetal de esta variedad y realizar una selección clonal conjunta.Peer reviewe

The Helicobacter pylori Genome Project : insights into H. pylori population structure from analysis of a worldwide collection of complete genomes

Helicobacter pylori, a dominant member of the gastric microbiota, shares co-evolutionary history with humans. This has led to the development of genetically distinct H. pylori subpopulations associated with the geographic origin of the host and with differential gastric disease risk. Here, we provide insights into H. pylori population structure as a part of the Helicobacter pylori Genome Project (HpGP), a multi-disciplinary initiative aimed at elucidating H. pylori pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets. We collected 1011 well-characterized clinical strains from 50 countries and generated high-quality genome sequences. We analysed core genome diversity and population structure of the HpGP dataset and 255 worldwide reference genomes to outline the ancestral contribution to Eurasian, African, and American populations. We found evidence of substantial contribution of population hpNorthAsia and subpopulation hspUral in Northern European H. pylori. The genomes of H. pylori isolated from northern and southern Indigenous Americans differed in that bacteria isolated in northern Indigenous communities were more similar to North Asian H. pylori while the southern had higher relatedness to hpEastAsia. Notably, we also found a highly clonal yet geographically dispersed North American subpopulation, which is negative for the cag pathogenicity island, and present in 7% of sequenced US genomes. We expect the HpGP dataset and the corresponding strains to become a major asset for H. pylori genomics

Cultivated Grapevine Displays a Great Diversity for Reproductive Performance Variables

Background: There are thousands of grapevine varieties that display a wide range of variation for traits like grape use (wine, table grape or both), color or ripening time, but little is known about their reproductive performance, especially flowering and fruitset (conversion from flower to fruit). Works focused at the study of these traits in grapevine evaluated one or few varieties and used different methodologies making comparisons difficult. This study aimed to characterize the reproductive performance of 120 varieties and its stability over two seasons using a precise methodology. Methods: Reproductive performance was determined through counting flowers and berries in the same inflorescences/bunches (10 per variety), for which a new methodology of image analysis of scanned calyptras was developed. Varieties were classified according to their reproductive performance. Results: A great diversity was found for most variables including fruitset and number of flowers. Large differences between varieties were observed both in values and in stability among seasons. The varieties clustered in three main classes that displayed significant differences not only for the reproductive performance variables used for the clustering but for most the variables studied. Varieties in these classes showed a non-random distribution regarding the grape use and the genetic structure based on molecular markers. Conclusions: This is the largest study of reproductive performance variables such as fruitset ever done in grapevine. It provides specific values for many varieties for the first time, useful for breeding programs. The clustering based on these variables is related with those based on use and geographical origin.Publishe

Cultivated Grapevine Displays a Great Diversity for Reproductive Performance Variables

Background: There are thousands of grapevine varieties that display a wide range of variation for traits like grape use (wine, table grape or both), color or ripening time, but little is known about their reproductive performance, especially flowering and fruitset (conversion from flower to fruit). Works focused at the study of these traits in grapevine evaluated one or few varieties and used different methodologies making comparisons difficult. This study aimed to characterize the reproductive performance of 120 varieties and its stability over two seasons using a precise methodology. Methods: Reproductive performance was determined through counting flowers and berries in the same inflorescences/bunches (10 per variety), for which a new methodology of image analysis of scanned calyptras was developed. Varieties were classified according to their reproductive performance. Results: A great diversity was found for most variables including fruitset and number of flowers. Large differences between varieties were observed both in values and in stability among seasons. The varieties clustered in three main classes that displayed significant differences not only for the reproductive performance variables used for the clustering but for most the variables studied. Varieties in these classes showed a non-random distribution regarding the grape use and the genetic structure based on molecular markers. Conclusions: This is the largest study of reproductive performance variables such as fruitset ever done in grapevine. It provides specific values for many varieties for the first time, useful for breeding programs. The clustering based on these variables is related with those based on use and geographical origin.This research was funded by the Spanish Government through MINECO (AGL2014-59171R). J. Grimplet was funded by the Spanish Government through MINECO (RYC-2011-07791)

Control del rendimiento en la variedad Tempranillo blanco (Vitis vinífera L.) en la DOC Rioja (España)

Póster presentado en el XXXVI World Congress of Vine and Wine, celebrado en Bucarest del 2 al 7 de junio de 2013.Peer Reviewe

Influence de l'enherbement naturel dans des vignobles cultives a la AOC Rioja (Espagne) avec le cepage Tempranillo Blanco (Vitis Vinifera L.)

Trabajo presentado en el 37th World Congress of Vine and Wine, celebrado en Mendoza (Argentina) del 9 al 14 de noviembre de 2014.[EN] Cv. Tempranillo blanco is a natural mutation of Cv. Tempranillo tinto detected in the AOC Rioja in 1998 and, currently, it is an authorized variety within the AOC Rioja vinegrowing area that is arousing a great deal of interest. From 2010 to 2012 a residential cover crop experiment was carried out as a part of a plan to observe the reaction of this variety to different environmental and crop conditions (terroir effect, harvesting date, irrigation, crop removal, early leaf removal and use of cover crops). The residential cover crop technique was chosen as it is becoming a common alternative to the traditional soil tillage method. In this experiment, the cover crop has shown its potential to effectively control yield by reducing different yield components such as: bud fertility, fruit-set rate and the bunch and grape weight. On the other hand the vineyard under the cover crop had a lower vegetative growth and vigour when compared to the control. Moreover, grape composition also changed in the residential cover crop treatment. Results for the cover crop showed a higher sugar concentration and a lower titratable acidity due to the faster malic acid catabolism without affecting neither the tartaric nor the potassium concentration. These changes implied a higher pH. Readily available nitrogen was also slightly lower in the cover crop treatment. Wines from the cover crop treatment had similar characteristics than musts but the fermentative aromas were significatively lower, as the isoamyl acetate concentration, a compound with a strong impact on the aroma, diminished due to the effect of the cover crop. Wines from the cover crop treatment received a less positive evaluation than the control by a tasting panel.[ES] El Tempranillo blanco es una variedad derivada de Tempranillo tinto debida a una muta ción natural que se detectó en un viñedo de La Rioja en 1988. En la actualidad, se trata de una variedad autorizada en la DOCa. Rioja que está creando mucho interés en el sector. Con objeto de valorar su comportamiento agronómico y enológico en diferentes escenarios naturales y de cultivo (entorno vitícola, fecha de vendimia, riego, aclareo de racimos, deshojado precoz y cubierta vegetal) se realizaron durante los años 2010 a 2012 ensayos con cubiertas vegetales espontáneas, alternativa de mantenimiento de suelo que va evolucionando como alternativa al laboreo tradicional en el viñedo riojano. La propuesta de utilización de cubierta vegetal espontánea ha actuado como una herramienta eficaz de control de rendimiento asociado a una disminución de componentes de rendimiento tales como la fertilidad de las yemas, la tasa de cuajado y peso y tamaño de la baya y del racimo. Por su parte, el desarrollo vegetativo y el vigor de las plantas se han visto reducidos significativamente. Asimismo, la composición de la baya se ve afectada por la presencia de cubierta vegetal espontánea. En este sentido, se produce un incremento de la concentración de azúcares, y una disminución de la acidez asociada a una mayor combustión de ácido málico, sin que el contenido de ácido tartárico y potasio se haya visto influido. Tal circunstancia se ha traducido en valores de pH más elevados. El contenido de NFA se ha visto ligeramente mermado por la utilización de la cubierta vegetal. Los vinos presentan características similares a los mostos. No obstante la concentración de aromas fermentativos en los vinos se redujo significativamente debido a la presencia de cubierta, disminuyendo el contenido de acetato de isoamilo, compuesto con un notable impacto sensorial en el aroma de los vinos. Los vinos procedentes del tratamiento de cubierta vegetal han sido evaluados más negativamente por el panel de cata.[FR] Tempranillo blanco est un cépage dérivé de Tempranillo tinto en raison d'une mutation naturelle qui a été détecté dans un vignoble de La Rioja en 1988. Actuellement, il est approuvé dans la DOCa. Rioja, et il a créé beaucoup d'intérêt dans le secteur. Afin d'évaluer leur comportement agronomique et œnologique dans différents scénarios naturelles et de la culture (environnement viticole, date de récolte, irrigation, éclaircissage de grappes, effeuillage précoce et enherbement naturel) on a réalisé au cours des années 2010-2012 des essais avec enherbement naturel, comme une alternative au travail du sol conventionnel dans les vignobles de la Rioja. L'utilisation proposée d'un couvert végétal spontané a agi comme un outil efficace pour le control du rendement associé à une diminution de composantes tels que la fertilité des bourgeons, le taux de nouaison et le poids et la taille des baies et raisins. Pendant ce temps, la croissance végétative et la vigueur des plantes ont été considérablement réduites. En outre, la composition de la baie a été affectée par la présence de l'enherbement naturel. En ce sens, on a constaté une augmentation de la concentration en sucre et une diminution de l'acidité associée à une augmentation de la combustion de l'acide malique, sans modifier la teneur d'acide tartrique et du potassium. Cette circonstance a donné lieu à des valeurs plus élevées du pH. Le contenu de NFA a été légèrement diminué par l'utilisation de l'enherbement naturel. Les vins ont des caractéristiques similaires à celles des moûts. Cependant, la concentration dans le vin des arômes de fermentation a été considérablement réduite en raison de la présence de l'enherbement naturel , particulièrement la teneur en acétate d'isoamyle, composé sensorielle avec un impact remarquable sur l'arôme du vin. Les vins issus du traitement de l'enherbement naturel ont été évalués plus négativement par le panel de dégustation.Peer Reviewe

Evaluation of glutathione content in four white varieties in the D.O. Ca. Rioja (Spain)

Trabajo presentado en la 8th International Macrowine Conference on Macromolecules and Secondary Metabolites of Grapevine and Wine (Macrowine), celebrada de forma virtual en la Universidad de Verona (Italia), del 23 al 30 de junio de 2021AIM Glutathione is a tripeptide that is mainly found in reduced form in grapes. It generates during the maturation of the grape, increasing significantly after veraison [1]. It plays a relevant role in the prevention of oxidative processes due to its high antioxidant activity. Its content in the grape is influenced by many factors (variety, vintage, cultural practices, nitrogen nutrition ...) [2]. In musts and wines, it undergoes modifications due to oxygen exposure, tyrosinase activity, maceration time, pressing, yeast strain…[3]. The aim of this work was to evaluate the content of glutathione in the grape of four white varieties: Tempranillo Blanco, Maturana Blanca, Garnacha Blanca and Viura. METHODS The study was carried out during three seasons (2017, 2018 and 2019) in a vineyard located in the D.O.Ca. Rioja (Spain). On the other hand, the influence of different vineyard locations on the content of this compound in the indicated varieties was also analyzed. Glutathione determination was carried out by HPLC by automatic derivatization in precolumn with OPA. The previous extraction in the grape was carried out with HCl/EDTA [4]. RESULTS The results obtained showed important varietal differences in the glutathione content of the grape in the white varieties studied. The highest concentration was obtained in the Tempranillo Blanco variety, although without significant differences in comparison to Viura, while the lowest levels corresponded to Maturana Blanca and Garnacha Blanca. Also, the characteristics of the vintage also influenced its concentration, although the varietal differences were maintained. The location of the vineyard showed a variable effect depending on the vinifera, and the characteristics of the vintage in the case of Tempranillo Blanco. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that the variety is one of the most influential factors in the glutathione content in grapes. Tempranillo Blanco has high levels of this compound, which can help preserve the quality of your wines.Peer reviewe