1,061 research outputs found
Inelastic scattering of light by a cold trapped atom: Effects of the quantum center-of-mass motion
The light scattered by a cold trapped ion, which is in the stationary state
of laser cooling, presents features due to the mechanical effects of
atom-photon interaction. These features appear as additional peaks (sidebands)
in the spectrum of resonance fluorescence. Among these sidebands the literature
has discussed the Stokes and anti-Stokes components, namely the sidebands of
the elastic peak. In this manuscript we show that the motion also gives rise to
sidebands of the inelastic peaks. These are not always visible, but, as we
show, can be measured in parameter regimes which are experimentally accessible.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Guidance on Stimulus Materials
PACHELBEL WP4 “Stimulus Materials” uses findings from WP3 (Policy Assumptions) and from additional sources to prepare stimulus materials for the group-based process “STAVE” implemented in WP5. The output was material to inform and stimulate the group-based process. The material was of two types: a set of questionnaires common to all partners (EVOC/CAPA/SIMI questionnaires), and material that is issue-specific and individually produced for each country.
EVOC/CAPA/SIMI short questionnaires serve as a comparative tool between countries, giving insight on the social construction of “sustainable consumption” across the PACHELBEL population. Partners asked participants to fill out the set individually at the first meeting of the STAVE group, results were then analyzed and data were fed back for discussion by group participants at their second meeting. A “re-test” was then conducted at the third of three group meetings. The present report details the representations revealed through this methodology – but moreover the impact of applying such a technique in STAVE groups in France, Germany, Romania, Spain, Sweden and the UK (where the methodology was slightly altered).
The issue-and-country-specific material consists of an informative simulated newspaper article on the particular issue addressed in a given STAVE process, and/or other materials (for example, humorous drawings). The report details how this material was developed, and the experience of applying these stimulus materials in each country. On this basis, guidance for future STAVE processes is offered.
Foremost among observations is that PACHELBEL stimulus materials serve a purpose that is distinct from that of “group exercises” as developed in WP5. The materials contributing to the formation of a group identity, a reflexive group norm, and a shared information basis. As such, stimulus materials prepare the group for a cooperative investigative process
Evidence about the policy assumptions about lay behaviour
This deliverable provides an analysis of the early fieldwork reports that have been produced as part of WP3. Its focus is on identifying the assumptions that are evident in the approaches of the policy partners to human behaviour around sustainability. The themes of this early work will form one focus of subsequent interactions with the policy partners and will be used as the basis for developing a schedule for further investigations to be deployed with policy makers in each countr
Risk of septic knee following retrograde intramedullary nailing of open and closed femur fractures
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>One potential complication of retrograde femoral nailing in the treatment of femur fractures is the risk of septic knee. This risk theoretically increases in open fractures as a contaminated fracture site has the potential to seed the instrumentation being passed in and out of the sterile intraarticular starting point. There are few studies examining this potential complication in a relatively commonly practiced technique.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>All patients who received a retrograde femoral nail for femur fracture between September 1996 and November 2006 at a Level 1 trauma center were retrospectively reviewed. This yielded 143 closed fractures, 38 open fractures and 4 closed fractures with an ipsilateral traumatic knee arthrotomy. Patient follow-up records were reviewed for documentation of septic knee via operative notes, wound culture or knee aspirate data, or the administration of antibiotics for suspected septic knee.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>No evidence of septic knee was found in the 185 fractures examined in the dataset. Utilizing the Wilson confidence interval, the rate of septic knee based on our population was no greater than 2%, with that of the open fracture group alone being 9%.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Based on these results and review of the literature, the risk of septic knee in retrograde femoral nailing of both open and closed femoral shaft fractures appears low but potentially not insignificant.</p> <p>Funding</p> <p>There was no outside source of funding from either industry or other organization for this study.</p
The Casimir force for passive mirrors
We show that the Casimir force between mirrors with arbitrary frequency
dependent reflectivities obeys bounds due to causality and passivity
properties. The force is always smaller than the Casimir force between two
perfectly reflecting mirrors. For narrow-band mirrors in particular, the force
is found to decrease with the mirrors bandwidth.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, LaTe
Combined and Independent Effects On Hypoxia and Tributylin On mRNA Expression and Physiology of the Eastern Oyster (\u3ci\u3eCrassostrea virginica\u3c/i\u3e)
Oyster reefs are vital to estuarine health, but they experience multiple stressors and globally declining populations. This study examined effects of hypoxia and tributyltin (TBT) on adult Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed either in the laboratory or the field following a natural hypoxic event. In the laboratory, oysters were exposed to either hypoxia followed by a recovery period, or to hypoxia combined with TBT. mRNA expression of HIF1-α and Tβ-4 along with hemocyte counts, biomarkers of hypoxic stress and immune health, respectively, were measured. In field-deployed oysters, HIF1-α and Tβ-4 expression increased, while no effect on hemocytes was observed. In contrast, after 6 and 8 days of laboratory-based hypoxia exposure, both Tβ-4 expression and hemocyte counts declined. After 8 days of exposure to hypoxia + TBT, oysters substantially up-regulated HIF1-α and down-regulated Tβ-4, although hemocyte counts were unaffected. Results suggest that hypoxic exposure induces immunosuppression which could increase vulnerability to pathogens
Combined and independent effects of hypoxia and tributyltin on mRNA expression and physiology of the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica)
© 2020, The Author(s). Oyster reefs are vital to estuarine health, but they experience multiple stressors and globally declining populations. This study examined effects of hypoxia and tributyltin (TBT) on adult Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed either in the laboratory or the field following a natural hypoxic event. In the laboratory, oysters were exposed to either hypoxia followed by a recovery period, or to hypoxia combined with TBT. mRNA expression of HIF1-α and Tβ-4 along with hemocyte counts, biomarkers of hypoxic stress and immune health, respectively, were measured. In field-deployed oysters, HIF1-α and Tβ-4 expression increased, while no effect on hemocytes was observed. In contrast, after 6 and 8 days of laboratory-based hypoxia exposure, both Tβ-4 expression and hemocyte counts declined. After 8 days of exposure to hypoxia + TBT, oysters substantially up-regulated HIF1-α and down-regulated Tβ-4, although hemocyte counts were unaffected. Results suggest that hypoxic exposure induces immunosuppression which could increase vulnerability to pathogens
Mid infrared near-field fingerprint spectroscopy of the 2D electron gas in LaAlO/SrTiO at low temperatures
Confined electron systems, such as 2D electron gases (2DEGs), 2D materials,
or topological insulators show great technological promise but their
susceptibility to defects often results in nanoscale inhomogeneities with
unclear origins. Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy
(s-SNOM) is useful to investigate buried confined electron systems
non-destructively with nanoscale resolution, however, a clear separation of
carrier concentration and mobility was often impossible in s-SNOM. Here, we
predict a previously inaccessible characteristic "fingerprint" response of the
prototypical LaAlO/SrTiO 2DEG, and verify this using a state-of-the-art
tunable narrow-band laser in mid-infrared cryo-s-SNOM at 8 K. Our modelling
allows us to separate the influence of carrier concentration and mobility on
fingerprint spectra and to characterize 2DEG inhomogeneities on the nanoscale.
This spatially resolved information about the local electronic properties can
be used to identify the origin of inhomogeneities in confined electron systems,
making the s-SNOM fingerprint response a valuable tool for nanoelectronics and
quantum technology
Resonance fluorescence of a trapped three-level atom
We investigate theoretically the spectrum of resonance fluorescence of a
harmonically trapped atom, whose internal transitions are --shaped and
driven at two-photon resonance by a pair of lasers, which cool the
center--of--mass motion. For this configuration, photons are scattered only due
to the mechanical effects of the quantum interaction between light and atom. We
study the spectrum of emission in the final stage of laser--cooling, when the
atomic center-of-mass dynamics is quantum mechanical and the size of the wave
packet is much smaller than the laser wavelength (Lamb--Dicke limit). We use
the spectral decomposition of the Liouville operator of the master equation for
the atomic density matrix and apply second order perturbation theory. We find
that the spectrum of resonance fluorescence is composed by two narrow sidebands
-- the Stokes and anti-Stokes components of the scattered light -- while all
other signals are in general orders of magnitude smaller. For very low
temperatures, however, the Mollow--type inelastic component of the spectrum
becomes visible. This exhibits novel features which allow further insight into
the quantum dynamics of the system. We provide a physical model that interprets
our results and discuss how one can recover temperature and cooling rate of the
atom from the spectrum. The behaviour of the considered system is compared with
the resonance fluorescence of a trapped atom whose internal transition consists
of two-levels.Comment: 11 pages, 4 Figure
Policy addressing climate change & learning about consumer behaviour and everyday life : PACHELBEL
The main objective of PACHELBEL is the development, trialling and operationalisation of a tool called STAVE, which will be designed to support the work of policy-making for sustainability in real-world settings. The tool will support processes of knowledge brokerage, promoting the appropriate application of existing research findings, and the generation of new knowledge which is focused on specific policy objectives.L'objectiu principal del projecte PACHELBEL Ă©s desenvolupar, provar i operacionalitzar un instrument anomenat STAVE (Systematic Tool for Behavioural Assumption Validation and Exploration), que haurĂ de servir per a donar suport als dissenyadors de polĂtiques pĂşbliques ambientals i per la sostenibilitat. Aquesta eina servirĂ per gestionar millor els processos de transmissiĂł de coneixement entre el pĂşblic i les institucions polĂtiques, aixĂ com per a integrar millor els resultats de les recerques socials en l'elaboraciĂł de polĂtiques pĂşbliques i per a generar nou coneixement al respecte
- …