Coordinate Confusion in Conformal Cosmology

A straight-forward interpretation of standard Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) cosmologies is that objects move apart due to the expansion of space, and that sufficiently distant galaxies must be receding at velocities exceeding the speed of light. Recently, however, it has been suggested that a simple transformation into conformal coordinates can remove superluminal recession velocities, and hence the concept of the expansion of space should be abandoned. This work demonstrates that such conformal transformations do not eliminate superluminal recession velocities for open or flat matter-only FRLW cosmologies, and all possess superluminal expansion. Hence, the attack on the concept of the expansion of space based on this is poorly founded. This work concludes by emphasizing that the expansion of space is perfectly valid in the general relativistic framework, however, asking the question of whether space really expands is a futile exercise.Comment: 5 pages, accepted for publication in MNRAS Letter

Spectroscopic membership for the populous 300 Myr-old open cluster NGC 3532

NGC 3532 is an extremely rich open cluster embedded in the Galactic disc, hitherto lacking a comprehensive, documented membership list. We provide membership probabilities from new radial velocity observations of solar-type and low-mass stars in NGC 3532, in part as a prelude to a subsequent study of stellar rotation in the cluster. Using extant optical and infra-red photometry we constructed a preliminary photometric membership catalogue, consisting of 2230 dwarf and turn-off stars. We selected 1060 of these for observation with the AAOmega spectrograph at the Anglo-Australian Telescope and 391 stars for observations with the Hydra-South spectrograph at the Victor Blanco Telescope, obtaining spectroscopic observations over a decade for 145 stars. We measured radial velocities for our targets through cross-correlation with model spectra and standard stars, and supplemented them with radial velocities for 433 additional stars from the literature. We also measured log g, Teff, and [Fe/H] from the AAOmega spectra. Together with proper motions from Gaia DR2 we find 660 exclusive members. The members are distributed across the whole cluster sequence, from giant stars to M dwarfs, making NGC 3532 one of the richest Galactic open clusters known to date, on par with the Pleiades. From further spectroscopic analysis of 153 dwarf members we find the metallicity to be marginally sub-solar, with [Fe/H]=-0.07. Exploiting trigonometric parallax measurements from Gaia DR2 we find a distance of $484^{+35}_{-30}$ pc. Based on the membership we provide an empirical cluster sequence in multiple photometric passbands. A comparison of the photometry of the measured cluster members with several recent model isochrones enables us to confirm the 300 Myr cluster age. However, all of the models evince departures from the cluster sequence in particular regions, especially in the lower mass range. (abridged)Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. 19 pages, 18 Figures, and 6 Table

VEXAR PLASTIC NETTING TO REDUCE POCKET GOPHER DEPREDATION OF CONIFER SEEDLINGS

In 1976, we began a comprehensive evaluation of Vexar seedling protectors as a means of reducing damage to conifer seedlings by pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.). The protectors are cylinders of plastic netting that gradually decompose in sunlight. The evaluation is being conducted on four national forests in three western states. Three conifer species, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa), and Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica var. shastensis), are under study. After two growing seasons, gophers have caused only 5 percent mortality among Vexar -enclosed seedlings compared to 20 percent mortality among unprotected seedlings. In addition, stocking and heights of protected seedlings are better than those of unprotected seedlings. Problems associated with the use of Vexar included compression of the protectors by snow, breakage of the plastic during subfreezing temperatures, and protrusion of seedling terminals through mesh openings; however, these problems have been minor thus far. Information on long-term effectiveness and cost efficiency is still needed before we can recommend operational use of Vexar protectors for pocket gopher damage control

A method for characterizing high acceleration movements in small-sided football

Small sided football is the most popular area of adult football in the UK, with an estimated 1.5m adults playing every week. Matches are played on smaller pitches using different rules to the 11-a-side game; this results in less stoppage time and a higher volume of ball activity per player. Despite these established differences in playing style and the increase in participation, the types and frequencies of movements performed are not fully understood due to the time consuming nature of current notational analysis methods. Understanding movements is of particular interest to researchers and developers seeking task representative protocols and products for small sided football. The importance of movement type, specifically those with high horizontal plane accelerations, has been demonstrated by recent findings linking traction and shoe stiffness to injury and performance in a number of team sports. In this paper we introduce a new motion analysis technique that uses a combination of inertial sensors and manual notational analysis to describe high acceleration movements in a repeatable and more time effective manner than previously published. A recreational 5-a-side team (mean ± SD: age 17.8 ± 0.26 years, body height 1.77 ± 0.05 m, body mass 74.23 ± 16.25 kg) were observed during one season at a commercial football centre. Player mounted sensors were used to identify 1824 high acceleration movements from three players in seven matches. These movements were then classified using operational definitions adapted from notational analysis literature. This paper outlines a high acceleration movement analysis technique, provides normative high acceleration movement profiles for three individual 5-a-side players, and suggests comparisons to published 11-a-side data. These movement profiles provide a foundation for footwear researchers and product designers to re-align their current practice or products from the 11-a-side game to this more popular style of football

Systematic review of copper intrauterine contraception continuation in young nulliparous women based on intrauterine device type.

OBJECTIVES: No copper intrauterine device (IUD) type is known to better suit young nulliparous women who tend to experience higher rates of IUD discontinuation compared with their older parous counterparts. A systematic review to determine which IUDs have higher continuation rates in young nulliparous women was undertaken. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analyses of available evidence based on IUD type. DATA SOURCES: AMED, BNI, CINAHL, DARE, EMBASE, EMCARE, HMIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, TRIP, and the Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched from inception to 11 May 2022; as well as the Bandolier, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines, WHO and Google Scholar websites. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: All studies on IUDs currently available in the UK or comparable (same design and size) to those available in the UK, involving nulliparous women of any age including those aged under 30. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Independently extracted data were assessed as low risk of bias using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Random effects meta-analyses of proportions were performed where data, including subgroups, were amenable to quantitative synthesis. Heterogeneity was reported using tau2 and I2 statistics, and sensitivity analyses were also performed. RESULTS: Nineteen studies involving 13 045 nulliparous women were included but the heterogeneity of participant ages, parity and IUD types made quantitative synthesis of outcome data in totality inappropriate. The highest continuation rate obtained was 91.02% (95% CI 88.01% to 93.64%) for the smaller TCu 380A at 12 months post insertion. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence for IUD use in young nulliparous women based on IUD type remains limited. Smaller sized IUD types appear better suited to this group of IUD users, however, more research is needed. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42019120969

Overload Injury of the Knees With Resistance-Exercise Overtraining: A Case Study

This is the publisher's version, also found at http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&sid=cc60431c-6281-4940-bc2d-85f4c9ff2060%40sessionmgr11&hid=17&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=s3h&AN=SPHS-67196

‘The language is disgusting and they refer to my disability’: the cyberharassment of disabled people

Disabled people face hostility and harassment in their sociocultural environment. The use of electronic-communications creates an online context that further reshape this discrimination. We explored the experiences of 19 disabled victims of cyberharassment. Five themes emerged from the study: disability and health consequences, family involvement, misrepresentation of self, perceived complexity, and lack of awareness and expertise. Cyberharassment incidents against disabled people were influenced by the pre-existing impairment, perceived hate-targeting, and perpetrators faking disability to get closer to victims online. Our findings highlight a growing issue requiring action and proper support