Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Overview of Heritiera fomes: Future Prospects.

Mangrove plants are specialized woody plants growing in the swamps of tidal-coastal areas and river deltas of tropical and subtropical parts of the world. They have been utilized for medicinal and other purposes by the coastal people over the years. Heritiera fomes Buch. Ham. (family: Sterculiaceae) commonly known as Sundari (Bengali) is a preeminent mangrove plant occurring in the Sundarbans forest located in the southern part of Bangladesh and adjoining West Bengal province of India. The plant has applications in traditional folk medicine as evidenced by its extensive use for treating diabetes, hepatic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, goiter, and skin diseases by the local people and traditional health practitioners. A number of investigations indicated that the plant possesses significant antioxidant, antinociceptive, antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Phytochemical analyses have revealed the presence of important chemical constituents like saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, gums, phytosterols, and reducing sugars. The present study is aimed at compiling information on phytochemical, biological, pharmacological, and ethnobotanical properties of this important medicinal plant, with a view to critically assess the legitimacy of the use of this plant in the aforementioned disorders as well as providing directions for further research.Peer Reviewe

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Molecular pathologic interpretation of new retinoblastoma rosettes

Newly described retinoblastoma (RB) rosettes have various kinds of pathological significance. Some of their characteristics have been revealed in this immunohistochemistry study. Five paraffin-embedded eyeballs with RB and new rosettes were studied for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), p53, p16, BAX, c-Myc, glial fibrillary acidic protein, synaptophysin, and chromogranin. They were compared and interpreted using control specimens. NSE, P53, and P16 were significantly expressed in the cells of the new rosettes. The presence of new RB rosettes that mostly have histopathological high-risk factors and p53 positivity may be a strong marker of poor prognosis of RB

Copper Complexes Relevant to the Catalytic Cycle of Copper Nitrite Reductase: Electrochemical Detection of NO(<i>g</i>) Evolution and Flipping of NO₂ Binding Mode upon Cu^II → Cu^I Reduction

Copper complexes of the deprotonated tridentate ligand, <i>N</i>-2-methylthiophenyl-2′-pyridinecarboxamide (HL1), were synthesized and characterized as part of our investigation into the reduction of copper­(II) <i>o</i>-nitrito complexes into the related copper nitric oxide complexes and subsequent evolution of NO­(<i>g</i>) such as occurs in the enzyme copper nitrite reductase. Our studies afforded the complexes [(L1)­Cu^IICl]_<i>n</i> (<b>1</b>), [(L1)­Cu^II(ONO)] (<b>2</b>), [(L1)­Cu^II(H₂O)]­(ClO₄)·H₂O (<b>3</b>·<b>H</b>_<b>2</b><b>O</b>), [(L1)­Cu^II(CH₃OH)]­(ClO₄) (<b>4</b>), [(L1)­Cu^II(CH₃CO₂)]·H₂O (<b>5</b>·<b>H</b>_<b>2</b><b>O</b>), and [Co­(Cp)₂]­[(L1)­Cu^I(NO₂)­(CH₃CN)] (<b>6</b>). X-ray crystal structure determinations revealed distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry around Cu^II ion in <b>1</b>–<b>5</b>. Substitution of the H₂O of <b>3</b> by nitrite quantitatively forms <b>2</b>, featuring the κ²-O,O binding mode of NO₂^– to Cu^II. Reduction of <b>2</b> generates two Cu^I species, one with κ¹-O and other with the κ¹-N bonded NO₂^– group. The Cu^I analogue of <b>2</b>, compound <b>6</b>, was synthesized. The FTIR spectrum of <b>6</b> reveals the presence of κ¹-N bonded NO₂^–. Constant potential electrolysis corresponding to Cu^II → Cu^I reduction of a CH₃CN solution of <b>2</b> followed by reaction with acids, CH₃CO₂H or HClO₄ generates <b>5</b> or <b>3</b>, and NO­(<i>g</i>), identified electrochemically. The isolated Cu^I complex <b>6</b> independently evolves one equivalent of NO­(<i>g</i>) upon reaction with acids. Production of NO­(g) was confirmed by forming [Co­(TPP)­NO] in CH₂Cl₂ (λ_max in CH₂Cl₂: 414 and 536 nm, ν_NO = 1693 cm^–1)