BASIC TENSE PROBLEMS OF THE FIRST SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

This paper investigated the problems of understanding basic or fundamental tenses in English grammar (the present tense, present continuous tense, present future tense, and present future continuous) that are faced by the first semester students of the English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta. Basic tenses in English grammar play a decisive role in various aspects related to learning English as the target language. Accordingly, it is essential to conduct a study on the issues of basic tenses in order to assist students to overcome their grammatical problems. Data were collected through questionnaires that were emailed to the participants. Results showed that the students had difficulties in producing or analyzing the present continuous tense, the present perfect tense and the present perfect continuous tense. The first semester students also faced difficulty in remembering the formula of each tense, admitting that they did not review the basic tenses regularly and the students found it difficult to comprehend their grammar lessons well in the classroom.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/ijiet.2018.02020

Genomic imbalances in AIDS-related lymphomas: relation with tumoral Epstein-Barr virus status

Background: The pathologic heterogeneity of AIDS related lymphomas (ARL) reflects several pathogenic mechanisms: chronic antigenic stimulation, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and genomic abnormalities. Genetic abnormalities, known to play a major role in lymphomas of non-immunocompromised patients, are not well characterized in ARL. Objective: Characterization of the DNA copy number change (CNC) in ARL and comparison of our findings with tumoral EBV and immune status. Design and methods: We have studied by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), 28 ARL well characterized for histopathologic, clonality and EBV findings. Results: DNA-CNC were detected in 50% of cases. Gains of chromosomal material were much more frequent than losses and involved chromosomes 9p, 11q, 12q, 17q, and 19q recurrently. DNA-CNC tended to be more frequent in EBV-positive lymphomas with latency type II/III than in EBV-positive latency I or EBV-negative lymphomas. Most chromosomal regions affected in HIV-related lymphoma were similar to those already reported in HIV-negative lymphomas. Conclusion: This CGH study allowed the identification of non-random chromosomal alterations in ARL. The results suggested an inverse relationship between EBV infection (latency II/III), associated with deep acquired immune suppression, and the number of chromosomal alterations which may be explained by a direct role of viral proteins in lymphomagenesis by activation of signalling pathways without needing several genomic alterations.(c) 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins