Cancer genetic counseling.

La asesoría genética en cáncer permite reducir la morbimortalidad en pacientes con cáncer hereditario y sus familiares mediante un manejo multidisciplinario que establezca medidas preventivas, detección precoz y control de riesgos.</p

Cáncer Medular de Tiroides familiar: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura

El cáncer medular de tiroides (CMT) es un tumor maligno de las células C parafoliculares secretoras de calcitonina. Se estima que el 25% de los casos de CMT se asocian a variantes patogénicas a nivel de línea germinal en el protooncogen RET (locus 10q11.2), que son las causantes del desarrollo de Carcinoma Medular de Tiroides Familiar (CMTF) o de la Neoplasia Endocrina Múltiple tipo 2 (NEM2); condiciones genéticas con patrón de herencia autosómico dominante. Presentamos el primer reporte de una familia peruana con CMTF y con variante patogénica identificada a nivel de línea germinal en el gen RET, mediante secuenciamiento Sanger. Este manuscrito también muestra una revisión de la literatura de este síndrome hereditario oncológico, donde se resalta su importancia en la prevención primaria y potencial efecto en la salud pública en casos de portadores de variantes patogénicas germinales aparentemente sanos.</p

A survey of the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of patients with suspected Lynch syndrome in Latin America

Background: Genetic counselling and testing for Lynch syndrome (LS) have recently been introduced in several Latin America countries. We aimed to characterize the clinical, molecular and mismatch repair (MMR) variants spectrum of patients with suspected LS in Latin America. Methods: Eleven LS hereditary cancer registries and 34 published LS databases were used to identify unrelated families that fulfilled the Amsterdam II (AMSII) criteria and/or the Bethesda guidelines or suggestive of a dominant colorectal (CRC) inheritance syndrome. Results: We performed a thorough investigation of 15 countries and identified 6 countries where germline genetic testing for LS is available and 3 countries where tumor testing is used in the LS diagnosis. The spectrum of pathogenic MMR variants included MLH1 up to 54%, MSH2 up to 43%, MSH6 up to 10%, PMS2 up to 3% and EPCAM up to 0.8%. The Latin America MMR spectrum is broad with a total of 220 different variants which 80% were private and 20% were recurrent. Frequent regions included exons 11 of MLH1 (15%), exon 3 and 7 of MSH2 (17 and 15%, respectively), exon 4 of MSH6 (65%), exons 11 and 13 of PMS2 (31% and 23%, respectively). Sixteen international founder variants in MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 were identified and 41 (19%) variants have not previously been reported, thus representing novel genetic variants in the MMR genes. The AMSII criteria was the most used clinical criteria to identify pathogenic MMR carriers although microsatellite instability, immunohistochemistry and family history are still the primary methods in several countries where no genetic testing for LS is available yet. Conclusion: The Latin America LS pathogenic MMR variants spectrum included new variants, frequently altered genetic regions and potential founder effects, emphasizing the relevance implementing Lynch syndrome genetic testing and counseling in all of Latin America countries.Radium Hospital Foundation (Oslo, Norway) in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript, Helse Sør-Øst (Norway) in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript, the French Association Recherche contre le Cancer (ARC) in the analysis, and interpretation of data, the Groupement des Entreprises Françaises dans la Lutte contre le Cancer (Gefluc) in the analysis, and interpretation of data, the Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie (ANRT, CIFRE PhD fellowship to H.T.) in the analysis, and interpretation of data and by the OpenHealth Institute in the analysis, and interpretation of data. Barretos Cancer Hospital received financial support by FINEP-CT-INFRA (02/2010)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Síndrome de carcinoma de células basales nevoides (Síndrome Gorlin): reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura

RESUMEN El síndrome Gorlin (SG) es una condición genética, con patrón de herencia autosómico dominante, con penetrancia completa y expresividad variable, debida a mutaciones germinales en los genes PTCH1 o SUFU, los cuales son componentes de la vía molecular Sonic hedgehog. El SG se caracteriza por la presencia de múltiples carcinomas de células basales nevoides, quistes odontogénicos, calcificación de la hoz del cerebro y lesiones en sacabocado en palmas y plantas. Este es el primer reporte de casos en el Perú sobre pacientes con SG, que cuentan con evaluación y asesoría genética. Presentamos dos casos de SG que cumplen criterios clínicos del síndrome y una revisión de la literatura

Variações do Número de Cópias e consangüinidade parental em recém-nascidos de grande altitude com principais anomalias congênitas no Peru

Introduction. Copy number variation is a genomic change that causes congenital abnormalities in newborns. Purpose. &nbsp;To show copy number variants and regions of homozygosity in neonates with malformative syndrome or one congenital anomaly major associated to facial dysmorphia or hypotonia. Methodology. Performed chromosomal microarray analysis (CGH/SNP) to 60 neonates with congenital anomalies born in Hospital Antonio Lorena and Hospital Regional Cusco. Results. 70% of the newborns had an abnormal test; 48,3% patients had with regions of homozygosity above to 0,5% (endogamy coefficient up to 1/64). Pathogenic or likely pathogenic copy number variations with or without region of homozygosity were present in 14,2% newborns with congenital abnormalities. We founded five patients with uncertain pathogenic copy number variations that have not been described previously and might correlate with phenotype. Conclusion. We founded a similar frequency of CNV in newborns with congenital abnormalities compared to previous reports. Nonetheless, parental consanguinity was increased compared to other countries of South America. &nbsp;This is the first report in Peru that showed to CMA as a useful diagnostic method in patients with congenital abnormalities and is pioneer in relation to other countries in Latinoamerica.Introducción. Las variantes en el número de copias son un tipo de cambios en el genoma provocan anomalías congénitas. Objetivo. Determinar las variantes en el número de copias y el grado de consanguinidad parental en neonatos con síndromes malformativos o una anomalía congénita mayor asociado a dismorfia facial o hipotonía. Material y métodos. Se realizó el análisis cromosómico por micromatrices a 60 neonatos con anomalías congénitas &nbsp;evaluados en los Hospitales Antonio Lorena y Regional de Cusco. Resultados. Del total de pacientes estudiados, el 70% tuvo un resultado anómalo; de los cuales en el 14,2% de los recién nacidos se encontraron variantes en el número de copias patogénicas o probablemente patogénicas asociadas o no a regiones de homocigosidad que tuvieron relación con las anomalías congénitas descritas. En el 48,3% de los recién se encontró regiones de homocigosidad mayores a 0,5% (coeficiente de endogamia superior a 1/64). Por otro lado, encontramos cinco variantes en el número de copias de patogenicidad desconocida que no se han descrito anteriormente y podrían estar relacionadas con el fenotipo. Conclusiones. Nuestra tasa de detección de las variantes en el número de copias está en relación con los reportes internacionales previos. Sin embargo, el porcentaje de neonatos con consanguinidad parental se encuentra por encima de lo reportado previamente, siendo superior a otras regiones de Sudamerica. Este es el primer reporte en el Perú, y es pionero en Latinoamérica al utilizar el análisis cromosómico por micromatrices en esta cohorte específica de pacientes.Introdução. Variantes do número de cópias são um tipo de alteração do genoma que causa defeitos de nascença. Objetivo. Determinar as variantes no número de cópias e no grau de consanguinidade parental em neonatos com síndromes de malformação ou uma anomalia congênita importante associada a dismorfia facial ou hipotonia. Material e métodos. A análise cromossômica por microarrays foi realizada em 60 neonatos com anomalias congênitas avaliados nos Hospitais Antonio Lorena e Regional de Cusco. Resultados. Do total de pacientes estudados, foi encontrado resultado anormal em 70%, com variações no número de cópias patogênicas ou provavelmente patogênicas associadas ou não a regiões de homozigosidade relacionadas às anomalias congênitas descritas, foi encontrado em 14,2% dos os recém-nascidos e que em 48,3% havia regiões de homozigose maior que 0,5% (coeficiente de endogamia maior que 1/64). Por outro lado, encontramos cinco variantes no número de cópias de patogenicidade desconhecida que não foram descritas anteriormente e podem estar relacionadas ao fenótipo. Conclusões. Pudemos observar que nossa taxa de detecção de variantes de número de cópias é em relação a relatórios internacionais anteriores. No entanto, o percentual de neonatos com consanguinidade parental é maior do que o relatado anteriormente, sendo maior do que em outras regiões da América do Sul. Este é o primeiro relato no Peru e é um dos pioneiros na América Latina no uso de análise de cromossomos microarray nesta coorte específica de pacientes

Clinical Characteristics Associated with Detected Respiratory Microorganism Employing Multiplex Nested PCR in Patients with Presumptive COVID-19 but Negative Molecular Results in Lima, Peru

The COVID-19 pandemic circumstances have varied the pathogens related to acute respiratory infections (ARI), and most specialists have ignored them due to SARS-CoV-2&rsquo;s similar symptomatology. We identify respiratory pathogens with multiplex PCR in samples with presumptive SARS-CoV-2 but negative RT-qPCR results. We performed a retrospective transversal study employing clinical data and nasopharyngeal swab samples from patients with suspected clinical SARS-CoV-2 infection and a negative PCR result in a private laboratory in Lima, Peru. The samples were analyzed using the FilmArray&trade; respiratory panel. Of 342 samples, we detected at least one pathogen in 50% of the samples. The main ones were rhinovirus (54.38%), influenza A(H3N2) (22.80%), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (14.04%). The clinical characteristics were sore throat (70.18%), cough (58.48%), nasal congestion (56.43%), and fever (40.06%). Only 41.46% and 48.78% of patients with influenza met the definition of influenza-like illness (ILI) by the World Health Organization (WHO) (characterized by cough and fever) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (characterized by fever and cough and sore throat), respectively. A higher prevalence of influenza was associated with ILI by WHO (aPR: 2.331) and ILI by CDC (aPR: 1.892), which was not observed with other respiratory viruses. The clinical characteristic associated with the increased prevalence of rhinovirus was nasal congestion (aPR: 1.84). For patients with ARI and negative PCR results, the leading respiratory pathogens detected were rhinovirus, influenza, and RSV. Less than half of patients with influenza presented ILI, although its presence was specific to the disease

A survey of the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of patients with suspected Lynch syndrome in Latin America

Background Genetic counselling and testing for Lynch syndrome (LS) have recently been introduced in several Latin America countries. We aimed to characterize the clinical, molecular and mismatch repair (MMR) variants spectrum of patients with suspected LS in Latin America. Methods Eleven LS hereditary cancer registries and 34 published LS databases were used to identify unrelated families that fulfilled the Amsterdam II (AMSII) criteria and/or the Bethesda guidelines or suggestive of a dominant colorectal (CRC) inheritance syndrome. Results We performed a thorough investigation of 15 countries and identified 6 countries where germline genetic testing for LS is available and 3 countries where tumor testing is used in the LS diagnosis. The spectrum of pathogenic MMR variants included MLH1 up to 54%, MSH2 up to 43%, MSH6 up to 10%, PMS2 up to 3% and EPCAM up to 0.8%. The Latin America MMR spectrum is broad with a total of 220 different variants which 80% were private and 20% were recurrent. Frequent regions included exons 11 of MLH1 (15%), exon 3 and 7 of MSH2 (17 and 15%, respectively), exon 4 of MSH6 (65%), exons 11 and 13 of PMS2 (31% and 23%, respectively). Sixteen international founder variants in MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 were identified and 41 (19%) variants have not previously been reported, thus representing novel genetic variants in the MMR genes. The AMSII criteria was the most used clinical criteria to identify pathogenic MMR carriers although microsatellite instability, immunohistochemistry and family history are still the primary methods in several countries where no genetic testing for LS is available yet. Conclusion The Latin America LS pathogenic MMR variants spectrum included new variants, frequently altered genetic regions and potential founder effects, emphasizing the relevance implementing Lynch syndrome genetic testing and counseling in all of Latin America countries

From colorectal cancer pattern to the characterization of individuals at risk: Picture for genetic research in Latin America

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in Latin America and the Caribbean, with the highest rates reported for Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina. We provide a global snapshot of the CRC patterns, how screening is performed, and compared/contrasted to the genetic profile of Lynch syndrome (LS) in the region. From the literature, we find that only nine (20%) of the Latin America and the Caribbean countries have developed guidelines for early detection of CRC, and also with a low adherence. We describe a genetic profile of LS, including a total of 2,685 suspected families, where confirmed LS ranged from 8% in Uruguay and Argentina to 60% in Peru. Among confirmed LS, path_MLH1 variants were most commonly identified in Peru (82%), Mexico (80%), Chile (60%), and path_MSH2/EPCAM variants were most frequently identified in Colombia (80%) and Argentina (47%). Path_MSH6 and path_PMS2 variants were less common, but they showed important presence in Brazil (15%) and Chile (10%), respectively. Important differences exist at identifying LS families in Latin American countries, where the spectrum of path_MLH1 and path_MSH2 variants are those most frequently identified. Our findings have an impact on the evaluation of the patients and their relatives at risk for LS, derived from the gene affected. Although the awareness of hereditary cancer and genetic testing has improved in the last decade, it is remains deficient, with 39%–80% of the families not being identified for LS among those who actually met both the clinical criteria for LS and showed MMR deficiency