839 research outputs found
Telesonography In Emergency Medicine : A Systematic Review
Funding: No specific funding was received for this work; however LEâs salary was paid from funding for the SatCare trial into remotely supported prehospital ultrasound, provided by the European Space Agency in collaboration with ViaSat (contract SC16005). The specific roles of this author are articulated in the âauthor contributionsâ section. These funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Experimental and numerical validation of active flaps for wind turbine blades
An industrial active flap concept for wind turbine rotor blades is validated numerically by means of CFD, as well as experimentally in a wind tunnel environment. This paper presents the numerical and experimental results, as well as a discussion regarding the testing of airfoils equipped with active flaps with a highly loaded aft portion. A conceptual implementation for an offshore wind turbine and the potential for load reduction is shown by means of aeroelastic calculations. The work presented herein is conducted within the frame of the Induflap2 project and is partially funded by the Danish funding board EUDP
Quantum Hall Effects in Graphene-Based Two-Dimensional Electron Systems
In this article we review the quantum Hall physics of graphene based
two-dimensional electron systems, with a special focus on recent experimental
and theoretical developments. We explain why graphene and bilayer graphene can
be viewed respectively as J=1 and J=2 chiral two-dimensional electron gases
(C2DEGs), and why this property frames their quantum Hall physics. The current
status of experimental and theoretical work on the role of electron-electron
interactions is reviewed at length with an emphasis on unresolved issues in the
field, including assessing the role of disorder in current experimental
results. Special attention is given to the interesting low magnetic field limit
and to the relationship between quantum Hall effects and the spontaneous
anomalous Hall effects that might occur in bilayer graphene systems in the
absence of a magnetic field
Energy gaps at neutrality point in bilayer graphene in a magnetic field
Utilizing the Baym-Kadanoff formalism with the polarization function
calculated in the random phase approximation, the dynamics of the
quantum Hall state in bilayer graphene is analyzed. Two phases with nonzero
energy gap, the ferromagnetic and layer asymmetric ones, are found. The phase
diagram in the plane , where is a
top-bottom gates voltage imbalance, is described. It is shown that the energy
gap scales linearly, $\Delta E\sim 14 B[T]K, with magnetic field.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, title changed, references added, JETP Letters
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Phase diagram of insulating crystal and quantum Hall states in ABC-stacked trilayer graphene
In the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field, ABC-stacked trilayer
graphene's chiral band structure supports a 12-fold degenerate N=0 Landau level
(LL). Along with the valley and spin degrees of freedom, the zeroth LL contains
additional quantum numbers associated with the LL orbital index .
Remote inter-layer hopping terms and external potential difference
between the layers lead to LL splitting by introducing a gap
between the degenerate zero-energy triplet LL orbitals. Assuming that the spin
and valley degrees of freedom are frozen, we study the phase diagram of this
system resulting from competition of the single particle LL splitting and
Coulomb interactions within the Hartree-Fock approximation at integer filling
factors. Above a critical value of the external potential
difference i,e, for , the ground state is a
uniform quantum Hall state where the electrons occupy the lowest unoccupied LL
orbital index. For (which corresponds to large
positive or negative values of ) the uniform QH state is unstable
to the formation of a crystal state at integer filling factors. This phase
transition should be characterized by a Hall plateau transition as a function
of at a fixed filling factor. We also study the properties of
this crystal state and discuss its experimental detection.Comment: 16 pages with 13 figure
Coulomb impurity under magnetic field in graphene: a semiclassical approach
We address the problem of a Coulomb impurity in graphene in the presence of a
perpendicular uniform magnetic field. We show that the problem can be solved
below the supercritical impurity magnitude within the WKB approximation.
Without impurity the semiclassical energies correctly reproduce the Landau
level spectrum. For a given Landau level the WKB energy depends on the absolute
value of angular momentum in a way which is consistent with the exact
diagonalization result. Below the supercritical impurity magnitude, the WKB
solution can be expanded as a convergent series in powers of the effective fine
structure constant. Relevance of our results to validity of the widely used
Landau level projection approximation is discussed.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure
The effective fine structure constant of freestanding graphene measured in graphite
Electrons in graphene behave like Dirac fermions, permitting phenomena from
high energy physics to be studied in a solid state setting. A key question is
whether or not these Fermions are critically influenced by Coulomb
correlations. We performed inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on crystals
of graphite, and applied reconstruction algorithms to image the dynamical
screening of charge in a freestanding, graphene sheet. We found that the
polarizability of the Dirac fermions is amplified by excitonic effects,
improving screening of interactions between quasiparticles. The strength of
interactions is characterized by a scale-dependent, effective fine structure
constant, \alpha *(k,\omega), whose value approaches \alpha * ~ 1/7 at low
energy and large distances. This value is substantially smaller than the
nominal \alpha = 2.2, suggesting that, on the whole, graphene is more weakly
interacting than previously believed.Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures, 2 animation
Evaluating acupuncture and standard care for pregnant women with back pain:the EASE Back pilot randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN49955124)
Background
Low back pain (LBP) and pelvic girdle pain (PGP) during pregnancy are common and often accepted as a ânormalâ part of pregnancy. Many women receive little in the way of treatment, and yet pain interferes with sleep, daily activities and work and leads to increasing requests for induction of labour or elective caesarean section. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a full RCT evaluating the benefit of acupuncture for pregnancy-related back pain.
Methods
This study is a single-centre, three-arm pilot RCT in one large maternity unit and associated antenatal and physiotherapy clinics. Women were eligible if they had pregnancy-related LBP with or without PGP. Exclusions included a history of miscarriage, high risk of early labour or pre-eclampsia, PGP only and previous acupuncture. Interventions were standard care (SC): a self-management booklet with physiotherapy if needed. SC+TA: the booklet and physiotherapy comprising true (penetrating) acupuncture, advice and exercise. SC+NPA: the booklet and physiotherapy comprising non-penetrating acupuncture, advice and exercise. Remote telephone randomisation used a 1:1:1 allocation ratio stratified by gestational weeks. Three measures of pain/function were compared to inform the primary outcome measure in a full RCT: the Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire (PGQ), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and 11-point 0â10 numerical rating scale for pain. Analysis focused on process evaluation of recruitment, retention, descriptive information on outcomes, adherence to treatment, occurrence of adverse events and impact of physiotherapist training.
Results
One hundred twenty-five women were randomised (45% of those eligible) between April and October 2013; 73% (nâ=â91) provided 8-week follow-up data. Three of six recruitment methods accounted for 82% of total uptake: screening questionnaire at the 20-week scan, community midwives issuing study cards, and self-referral following local awareness initiatives. Physiotherapistsâ self-confidence on managing pregnancy-related LBP improved post training. The PGQ is suitable as the primary outcome in a full trial. The average number of treatment sessions in both SC+TA and SC+NPA was six (in line with treatment protocols). No serious adverse events attributable to the trial treatments were reported.
Conclusions
A full RCT is feasible and would provide evidence about the effectiveness of acupuncture and inform treatment choices for women with pregnancy-related LBP
Spin and valley quantum Hall ferromagnetism in graphene
In a graphene Landau level (LL), strong Coulomb interactions and the fourfold
spin/valley degeneracy lead to an approximate SU(4) isospin symmetry. At
partial filling, exchange interactions can spontaneously break this symmetry,
manifesting as additional integer quantum Hall plateaus outside the normal
sequence. Here we report the observation of a large number of these quantum
Hall isospin ferromagnetic (QHIFM) states, which we classify according to their
real spin structure using temperature-dependent tilted field magnetotransport.
The large measured activation gaps confirm the Coulomb origin of the broken
symmetry states, but the order is strongly dependent on LL index. In the high
energy LLs, the Zeeman effect is the dominant aligning field, leading to real
spin ferromagnets with Skyrmionic excitations at half filling, whereas in the
`relativistic' zero energy LL, lattice scale anisotropies drive the system to a
spin unpolarized state, likely a charge- or spin-density wave.Comment: Supplementary information available at http://pico.phys.columbia.ed
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