FOSTERING IMAGINATIVE EXPRESSION IN ELEMENTARY ART STUDENTS: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF TEACHER STRATEGIES

The students in my elementary art classes did not seem to be creating for themselves. They seemed to have the understanding there was only one correct answer in art class, and the art teacher knew what that answer was. By way of research I have found ways to create an atmosphere in my art room that promotes imagination and self expression in children, thus fostering a free and creative reaction from my students. Through understanding how and why one uses their imagination, an art teacher can enhance a student\u27s ability to build and use his or her knowledge base. I believe an art teacher can help students build artistic confidence by using strategies such as introducing new art materials to children in a play atmosphere, planning lessons that are open-ended, giving choices for materials used, and guiding students using mental imagery

Sedimentología y vertebrados fósiles de la Formación Santa Cruz (Mioceno temprano) en Lago Posadas, suroeste de Patagonia, Argentina

Lago Posadas se ubica al pie de los Andes Patagónicos Australes, en el suroeste de Argentina, donde la Formación Santa Cruz (FSC) del Mioceno temprano muestra afloramientos potentes y lateralmente continuos. Esta región ha sido escasamente explorada en relación con sus vertebrados fósiles desde los primeros esfuerzos de J.B. Hatcher en 1898-99. En esta contribución, se presentan estudios sedimentológicos y paleontológicos con el fin de reconstruir los ambientes deposicionales y la fauna de vertebrados asociada. Los datos sedimentológicos sugieren que el registro sedimentario comienza con depósitos marinos-estuarinos restringidos, que gradan a depósitos de planicies de inundación y canales fluviales. Dichas planicies, ocasionalmente interrumpidas por canales arenosos, muestran colores rojizos dominantes, pobre a moderado desarrollo de paleosuelos, abundantes depósitos de desbordes y ausencia de restos vegetales, lo cual sugiere depositación en ambientes oxigenados de bajo gradiente, con altas tasas de sedimentación. Las tendencias estratigráficas verticales son tenues, lo que indicaría cambios ambientales menores durante la depositación. Las direcciones de paleocorrientes, la composición de areniscas y la reconstrucción paleogeográfica indican que la acumulación de la FSC estuvo asociada al levantamiento Andino contemporáneo. Los vertebrados fósiles analizados son el resultado del esfuerzo propio de colecta y de colecciones de museos. La asociación faunística incluye 31 taxa: 28 mamíferos y tres aves. Los mamíferos pertenecen a los grupos principales registrados en otras áreas en la FSC (metaterios, xenartros, notoungulados, litopternos, astrapoterios y roedores) y permiten asignar una edad Santacrucense sensu lato a la fauna de la FSC de Lago Posadas. Son necesarias revisiones taxonómicas de varios taxa para mejorar el significado bioestratigráfico de esta asociación. La combinación del registro de arborícolas, ramoneadores y frugívoros por un lado, y mamíferos pastadores y ñandúes por el otro, plantearía la presencia tanto de árboles como de ambientes abiertos. Los frugívoros, entre los consumidores primarios, y el nicho de los consumidores secundarios, se encuentran subrepresentados debido a sesgos en el tamaño de los fósiles como en el tamaño del muestreo. El registro sedimentológico y paleontológico de la FSC en Lago Posadas sugiere que el ascenso de los Andes Patagónicos Australes ha actuado como un control primario sobre la subsidencia y el aporte de sedimentos, y ha otorgado características distintivas a las localidades subandinas. Sin embargo, los cambios climáticos previamente postulados, están pobremente registrados en este estudio.Lago Posadas is located at the foot of the Southern Patagonian Andes, in southwestern Argentina, where the early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation (SCF) shows thick and laterally continuous exposures. This region has been scarcely explored for fossil vertebrates since the first efforts by J.B. Hatcher in 1898-99. In this contribution, we performed sedimentologic and paleontological studies in order to reconstruct depositional environments and the associated fossil vertebrate fauna. Sedimentologic data suggest that the sedimentary record begins with restricted marine-estuarine deposits grading upward to fluvial floodplains and fluvial channels. Extensive floodplains, occasionally interrupted by low-sinuosity, sand-dominated channels, show dominant reddish coloration, moderate to low paleosol development, abundant crevasse splay sandstones and lack of vegetal remains, suggesting deposition in a low gradient, oxygenated setting under elevated sedimentation rates. Vertical stratigraphic trends are subtle, suggesting little paleoenvironmental changes during deposition of the whole SCF in this region. Paleocurrent directions, sandstone composition and paleogeographic reconstructions all indicate that deposition of the SCF was strongly associated to the contemporaneous uplift of the Andes. Fossil vertebrates analyzed are the result of our collecting effort and revision of museum collections. The faunal assemblage includes 31 taxa: 28 mammals and three birds. Mammals belong to the main groups recorded in other areas of the SCF (metatherians, xenarthrans, notoungulates, litopterns, astrapotheres and rodents). The assemblage allows a Santacrucian Age sensu lato assignment for the fauna at Lago Posadas. Taxonomic revisions of several taxa are necessary to further adjust the biostratigraphic significance of this association. The combined record of arboreal, browser and frugivores, on one side, and grazer mammals and rheas, on the other, suggest the presence of both trees and open environments. Frugivores, among primary consumers, and the secondary consumers guild are under-represented due to sample and fossil remain size biases. The sedimentologic and paleontological record of the SCF in Lago Posadas suggests that the uplift of the Southern Patagonian Andes acted as a primary control on basin subsidence and sediment supply, providing a special signature for sub-andean localities. However, previously registered climatic changes are poorly recorded in this study.Fil: Cuitiño, José Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología; ArgentinaFil: Vizcaíno, Sergio Fabián. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Bargo, María Susana. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; ArgentinaFil: Aramendía, Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales; Argentin

El legado del megaterio

No es común que un solo animal pueda hacer tantas y tan profundas contribuciones en el campo de las ciencias biológicas. Es aún menos común que esto ocurra cuando el animal es conocido únicamente como fósil. Pero este es precisamente el caso de Megatherium americanum, un mamífero sudamericano extinguido. Esta especie ha jugado un rol sumamente significativo en la historia y el desarrollo de la paleontología de vertebrados y del estudio de la evolución biológica

Mass estimation of Santacrucian sloths from the Early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation of Patagonia, Argentina

Miocene deposits of the Santa Cruz Formation, Patagonia, comprise a diverse and excellently preserved vertebrate fauna, allowing detailed paleobiological and paleoecological studies based on three ecological parameters: body mass, diet, and substrate preference. In contrast to the small and arboreal extant sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus, Santacrucian sloths were much more diverse and larger, and comprised 11 genera previously characterized as arboreal or climbing forms. Here, we focus on body mass estimation based on measurements of postcranial elements. We present a morphometric database comprising 64 linear, base-ten logged variables applied to Santacrucian sloths and a wide sample of extant mammals, as well as the body mass of the extant taxa as reported in the literature. To detect any potential phylogenetical bias, we performed a variance decomposition test on our sample of extant mammals. Based on four orthogram statistics, logged body mass was found not to be dependent on phylogenetic tree topology. Predictive equations for the body mass of extant mammals were generated through multiple regression analysis, using weighting procedures to avoid taxonomic biases and stepwise analysis to discard redundant variables. Using this procedure, we derived separate equations for the scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur, tibia plus fibula, astragalus, and calcaneum. These equations were then applied to estimate the body mass of our sample of Santacrucian sloths. We obtained an average body mass of about 70 kg for the megalonychid Eucholoeops. Among stem megatherioids, Hapalops ranged between 30 and 80 kg, Analcimorphus was estimated at 67 kg, and Schismotherium at 44 kg. Larger genera included the megatheriid Prepotherium (~123 kg), and the mylodontids Analcitherium (~88 kg) and Nematherium (~89 kg). The medium to large body size of Santacrucian sloths imposed constraints on their climbing abilities. Megalonychids and stem megatherioids were likely unable to access the finest branches, while megatheriids and mylodonts were more terrestrial forms.Fil: Toledo, Nestor. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cassini, Guillermo Hernán. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Vizcaino, Sergio Fabian. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Bargo, María Susana. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Optical measurements for quality control in photodynamic therapy

The evolution of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) to a fully developed treatment modality requires the development of appropriate dosimetry to ensure proper quality control during treatments. The parameters measured for PDT quality control were the drug accumulation and the optical penetration depth. These methods were tested in vitro in photochemical assays and in tissue simulating phantoms. Pilot clinical trials were conducted and in vivo measurements were perform in patients undergoing endoscopic screening for esophageal diseases and photodynamic therapy of esophagus, lung, oral cavity and skin

Quantifying the healthcare costs of treating severely bleeding major trauma patients: a national study for England.

INTRODUCTION: Severely bleeding trauma patients are a small proportion of the major trauma population but account for 40% of all trauma deaths. Healthcare resource use and costs are likely to be substantial but have not been fully quantified. Knowledge of costs is essential for developing targeted cost reduction strategies, informing health policy, and ensuring the cost-effectiveness of interventions. METHODS: In collaboration with the Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) detailed patient-level data on in-hospital resource use, extended care at hospital discharge, and readmissions up to 12 months post-injury were collected on 441 consecutive adult major trauma patients with severe bleeding presenting at 22 hospitals (21 in England and one in Wales). Resource use data were costed using national unit costs and mean costs estimated for the cohort and for clinically relevant subgroups. Using nationally available data on trauma presentations in England, patient-level cost estimates were up-scaled to a national level. RESULTS: The mean (95% confidence interval) total cost of initial hospital inpatient care was £19,770 (£18,177 to £21,364) per patient, of which 62% was attributable to ventilation, intensive care, and ward stays, 16% to surgery, and 12% to blood component transfusion. Nursing home and rehabilitation unit care and re-admissions to hospital increased the cost to £20,591 (£18,924 to £22,257). Costs were significantly higher for more severely injured trauma patients (Injury Severity Score ≥15) and those with blunt injuries. Cost estimates for England were £148,300,000, with over a third of this cost attributable to patients aged 65 years and over. CONCLUSIONS: Severely bleeding major trauma patients are a high cost subgroup of all major trauma patients, and the cost burden is projected to rise further as a consequence of an aging population and as evidence continues to emerge on the benefits of early and simultaneous administration of blood products in pre-specified ratios. The findings from this study provide a previously unreported baseline from which the potential impact of changes to service provision and/or treatment practice can begin to be evaluated. Further studies are still required to determine the full costs of post-discharge care requirements, which are also likely to be substantial

The impacts of ocean warming on phytoplankton dynamics and links to fisheries management around St Helena Island, South Atlantic Ocean

In the context of a rapidly changing climate, understanding how ocean warming is reshaping the foundation of marine ecosystems has never been more important. This research investigates factors contributing to ocean warming, and where anthropogenically influenced climate change plays a critical role in the functionality of the physical marine environment, phytoplankton, and trophodynamics throughout the pelagic zone. Phytoplankton, whilst microscopic, are vital; they are regulated by physical oceanographic factors that control their access to growth-limiting factors, such as nutrients. With the formidable climate-driven physical and biological changes occurring in the marine environment, alongside the decline in fish stocks, it is imperative that oceans are closely monitored using an ecosystem-based approach, with phytoplankton being one of the key indicators of broader environmental health. Therefore, it was important to focus on the impacts of global warming on physical environmental conditions—such as sea surface temperature and mixed layer depth—and how these affect ocean biology through changes in phytoplankton biomass and phenology. Cost-effective satellite data from NASA’s Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) were used, with changes in phytoplankton dynamics indicating potential implications for fish stocks and current fisheries management around St Helena Island. St Helena’s territorial waters include a 200 nautical mile Category 6 sustainable use marine protected area, underscoring the need to understand and safeguard this ecologically and economically vital region. In this marine hotspot region, interannual variability in sea surface temperature, mixed layer depth, and chlorophyll-α concentration was analysed to identify long-term trends. Additionally, annual phytoplankton blooms were characterised, and shifts in phytoplankton phenology were investigated. Notably, results of sea surface temperature displayed an increase, with intensified temperature-influenced stratification strengthening, causing the mixed layer depth to become shallower, decreasing phytoplankton biomass, and a non-significant earlier initiation of annual phytoplankton blooms to occur around St Helena. The negative changes in the pelagic layer physics and biology around the island that are linked to ocean warming provided insight into the implications for ocean productivity, fish stocks, and fisheries management. With very little known and understood about St Helena Island’s oceanography, it is crucial that its condition is monitored closely. This is important for the residents dependent on productive regions in their territorial sea for their economy and food security. Finally, it was found that phytoplankton are reactive species to climate change and its indirect effects. Making it an important component of ecosystem-based management as an ecological indicator in pelagic fisheries management

Character Development: to Further the Narrative

Character Development: To Further the Narrative. Presentation Abstract March 16th, 2022 Graduate Student: Lesley Brian Bargo Research Mentor: Anna Weinstein Screenplays on war can often become redundant. Not because they aren’t good screenplays, it’s simply because the focus relies too much on the brutality of war and not enough on the characters being forced to endure it. Hamburger Hill (1987) is not one of the run of the mill Vietnam War films that simply walk us through the killing of both sides without giving us the why. While most films can easily pull off the killing and dying, Jim Carabatsos’ writing in Hamburger Hill is able to deliver the true “why” soldiers fight through character development. Some might say other Vietnam War screenplays such as Apocalypse Now (1979) or Platoon (1986) have given us the why through character development, but I argue that there was no character development in those screenplays. In Apocalypse Now we are outright told about the antagonist and why he has gone crazy and fighting his fight, thus no room for development. In Platoon we do see character development, but not anything that digs into why these soldiers are fighting the war, only why and how they are choosing sides in their in-fighting among their group. Jim Carabatsos’ use of character development in Hamburger Hill allows the viewer to take a step back from the carnage of war and truly connect with the characters in the screenplay, thus furthering the narrative long after the film ends. In this presentation I will demonstrate how Carabatsos’ writing enabled him to better develop characters than that of other Vietnam War screenplays

GEORGIA

The Vietnam War cast a massive shadow, both home and abroad. Relationships, morality, and humanity hang in the balance

Pérdida de la diversidad pasada de xenartros y la importancia de proteger a los armadillos perezosos y osos hormigueros actuales

Armadillos, sloths and anteaters represent a small fragment of a much more diverse fossil assemblage of xenarthrans that includes bizarre forms such as the armored glyptodonts and the giant ground sloths. We reconstruct extinct xenarthrans as living animals, describing their basic biology, behaviors and ecological roles. In this contribution we provide two examples of the ecological diversity of xenarthrans in the geological past that largely surpass the one we know today. One is the Santacrucian fauna that developed in southern Patagonia during the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (17 to 15 Ma). The richness of Santacrucian xenarthrans recorded in a single locality comprises 21 genera in seven families, exceeding the present total diversity in the continent as a whole (14 genera within five families). The other is the Lujanian fauna that inhabited the Pampean Region during the late Quaternary (0.130 to 0.07 Ma). The total large mammal (above 100 kg) and megamammal (above a ton) richness during Lujanian times may have been as high as 83 species distributed in 48 genera. Most megaherbivores were xenarthrans, which constituted about 80% of the mammals above 500 kg: at least four genera of glyptodonts (Glyptodontidae) and five genera of ground sloths (Mylodontidae and Megatheriidae). There was also a giant armadillo-like herbivore that must have reached 200 kg (Pampatheriidae). This ancient diversity is lost forever, and we therefore urge that autochthony and past taxonomic richness and ecologic diversity be recognized as values for establishing conservation priorities and policiesArmadillos, perezosos y osos hormigueros representan una pequeña fracción de los mucho más diversos xenartros extintos, que incluyen formas extrañas como gliptodontes acorazados y los perezosos terrestres gigantes. Nosotros reconstruimos los xenartros extintos como animales vivientes, describiendo su biología básica, comportamiento y rol ecológico. Aquí aportamos ejemplos de diversidad ecológica de xenartros en el pasado geológico que supera la que conocemos en la actualidad. Uno es la fauna Santacrucense de Patagonia Austral durante el Óptimo Climático del Mioceno Medio (17-15 Ma). La riqueza de xenartros santacrucenses en una localidad comprende 21 géneros en siete familias, superando en mucho la diversidad total actual en el continente (14 géneros dentro de cinco familias). El otro es la fauna Lujanense de la Región Pampeana durante el Cuaternario tardío (0,130-0,07 Ma). La riqueza total de mamíferos grandes (más de 100 kg) y megamamíferos (más de una tonelada) podría haber sido de hasta 83 especies distribuidas en 48 géneros. La mayoría de los megaherbívoros eran xenartros (cuatro géneros de gliptodontes —Glyptodontidae— y cinco de perezosos terrestres —Mylodontidae y Megatheriidae)— que constituía aproximadamente el 80% de los mamíferos por encima de 500 kg. También hubo un armadillo herbívoro gigante (Pampatheriidae) que habría llegado a los 200 kg. Esta antigua diversidad se perdió para siempre. Por lo tanto, reclamamos que se considere la autoctonía y la riqueza taxonómica y diversidad ecológica pasada como valores fundamentales para el establecimiento de prioridades y políticas de conservación.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse