Hyperglycemia at admission and during hospital stay are independent risk factors for mortality in high risk cardiac patients admitted to an intensive cardiac care unit

Aims: Hyperglycemia is associated with increased mortality in cardiac patients. However, the predictive value of admission- and average glucose levels in patients admitted to an intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU) has not been described. Methods: Observational study of patients admitted to the ICCU of a tertiary medical center in whom glucose levels were measured at and during admission. Over a 19-month period, 1713 patients were included. Mean age was 63±14 years, 1228 (72%) were male, 228 (17%) had known diabetes. Median (interquartile) glucose levels at admission were 7.9 (6.5-10.1) mmol/l; median glucose levels during ICCU admission (873 patients with three or more measurements) were 7.3 (6.7-8.3) mmol/l. Cox regression analysis was performed including the variables age, gender, admission diagnosis, length of stay, prior (cardio)vascular disease and diabetes. Results: A 1 mmol/l increase in admission glucose level (above 9 mmol/l) was associated with a 10% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7 -13%) increased risk for all-cause mortality. A 1 mmol/l higher

Using restricted factor analysis with latent moderated structures to detect uniform and nonuniform measurement bias; a simulation study

Measurement bias, Differential item functioning, Nonlinear structural equation modelling, Factor analysis, Latent moderated structures,

Measurement bias and multidimensionality; an illustration of bias detection in multidimensional measurement models

Measurement invariance, Differential item functioning, Multidimensionality, Structural equation modeling, Factor analysis, MIMIC analysis,

Using structural equation modelling to detect measurement bias and response shift in longitudinal data

Measurement bias, Response shift, Longitudinal data, Structural equation modelling, Factor analysis,