Unique Aspects of Usage of the Quadratic Cryptanalysis Method to the GOST 28147-89 Encryption Algorithm

In this article, issues related to the application of the quadratic cryptanalysis method to the five rounds of GOST 28147-89 encryption algorithm are given. For example, the role of the bit gains in the application of the quadratic cryptanalysis method, which is formed in the operation of addition according to mod232 used in this algorithm is described. In this case, it is shown that the selection of the relevant bits of the incoming plaintext and cipher text to be equal to zero plays an important role in order to obtain an effective result in cryptanalysi

Compilation de données en matière de science sociale et comportementale (N° 3), flambée épidémique du virus Ébola, Est de la RDC, février-mai 2019

This rapid compilation of data analyses provides a ‘stock-take’ of social science and behavioural data related to the on-going outbreak of Ebola in North Kivu and Ituri provinces. Based on data gathered and analysed by organisations working in the Ebola response and in the region more broadly, it explores convergences and divergences between datasets and, when possible, differences by geographic area, demographic group, time period and other relevant variables. Data sources are listed at the end of the document. This is the third data synthesis brief produced by the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) and focuses on data published between February and May 2019. It builds on the previous two data synthesis briefs, the first focusing on data from August-October 2018, and the second on data from November 2018 to January 2019. At the time of publication (as of 23 June 2019), 2,247 cases had been reported (2,153 confirmed and 94 probable) and 1,510 deaths (of which 1,416 confirmed and 94 probable). The overall case fatality ratio (as of 16 June 2019) was 67%, a rise from 59% at the start of February 2019. The majority of cases identified in February-May were from the health zones of Katwa, Mabalako, Mandima, Butembo, Kalunguta, Musienene and Beni. There appeared to be a significant increase in the number of cases during this period due to a backlog of reporting resulting from interruptions to response activities in which teams were unable to access multiple affected communities due to security reasons. Key performance indicators on response activities are routinely collected by the Ministry of Health and WHO. This brief was prepared by Kevin Bardosh (University of Washington), Ingrid Gercama and Juliet Bedford (Anthrologica), with support from SSHAP and GOARN Research Social Science Group. Feedback was also provided by colleagues from UNICEF, WHO, IFRC, the US CDC, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI), Oxfam, Translators without Borders (TwB), Interpeace and Novetta.Cette brève compilation d’analyses de données fournit un « état des lieux » des données en matière de science sociale et comportementale liées à la flambée épidémique actuelle du virus Ébola dans les provinces du Nord-Kivu et de l’Ituri. Sur la base des données collectées et analysées par des organisations oeuvrant à la riposte au virus Ébola et, de manière plus générale, au sein de la région, elle examine les convergences et les divergences entre les jeux de données. Dans la mesure du possible, cette note prend également en compte les différences dans les données par zone géographique, groupe démographique, période de temps et autres variables pertinentes. Les sources de données sont indiquées à la fin du document. Il s’agit de la troisième compilation d’analyses de données élaborée par la Plateforme Social Science in Humanitarian Action (SSHAP) et elle est axée sur des données générées entre février et mai 2019. Elle est fondée sur les deux notes stratégiques de compilation de données précédentes, dont la première était axée sur des données générées entre août et octobre 2018, et la deuxième sur des données générées entre novembre 2018 et janvier 2019.UNICE

Compilation de données en matière de sciences sociales et comportementales – Novembre 2018

This rapid compilation of data analyses provides a ‘stock-take’ of social science and behavioural data related to the outbreak of Ebola in North Kivu and Ituri provinces. Based on data gathered and analysed by organisations working in the region, we aimed to explore convergences and divergences between datasets and, when possible, differences by geographic area, demographic group, time period and other relevant variables. The data compilation was conducted by Kevin Bardosh (University of Florida) with support from the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform and GOARN Research Social Science Group. Feedback was provided by colleagues from Anthrologica, CDC, UNICEF, WHO, IFRC, and Oxfam. This brief prepared by Juliet Bedford, Ingrid Gercama and Kevin Bardosh, serves as an overview of key findings from the data compilation. A longer working document that provides additional analysis is available from [email protected] NOTE: This is an amended copy of the English language version of the document. Please see the separate Erratum for details.Cette brève compilation d’analyses de données fournit un « état des lieux » des données en matière de sciences sociales et comportementales liées à la flambée épidémique du virus Ébola dans les provinces du Nord-Kivu et de l’Ituri. Sur la base des données collectées et analysées par des organisations oeuvrant au sein de la région, nous avons cherché à examiner les convergences et les divergences entre les ensembles de données et, dans la mesure du possible, les différences par zone géographique, groupe démographique, période de temps et autres variables pertinentes. Cette compilation de données a été réalisée par Kevin Bardosh (Université de Floride) avec l’assistance de la Plateforme Social Science in Humanitarian Action et du Groupe de recherche des sciences sociales GOARN. Des contributions ont été apportées par des collègues d’Anthrologica, des CDC, de l’UNICEF, de l’OMS, de la FICR, et d’Oxfam. Cette note stratégique élaborée par Juliet Bedford, Ingrid Gercama et Kevin Bardosh, résume les considérations clés inhérentes à la compilation de données. Un document de travail plus détaillé fournissant une analyse supplémentaire est disponible en envoyant un email à [email protected]

Preliminary assessment of the computer-based Taenia solium educational program ‘The Vicious Worm’ on knowledge uptake in primary school students in rural areas in eastern Zambia

Objective: The zoonotic helminth Taenia solium is endemic in Zambia, causing human (taeniasis and (neuro)cysticercosis) and pig (porcine cysticercosis) diseases with high health, social and economic burdens. We aimed to evaluate the impact of a health educational program intended to lead to powerful and cumulative improvements in knowledge, attitudes and practices that decrease parasite transmission and disease occurrence. Methods: Half-day health education workshops were conducted in three primary schools in the highly endemic Eastern Province of Zambia, using the computer-based T. solium educational program The Vicious Worm'. Questionnaires were administered before and after the educational component to determine the program's impact on knowledge uptake in primary school students. Results: In total, 99 students participated: 38 males and 61 females, with a median age of 14 years (range 10-18 years). Baseline general knowledge of T. solium, including awareness of the different human and pig disease states, and disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention, was quite high (average score 62%) and consistent across all three study areas. Participants' knowledge had significantly increased after the educational component, particularly regarding parasite transmission and disease prevention. Conclusion: Preliminary assessment of The Vicious Worm' indicates it is an effective tool for the short-term T. solium education of primary school students in Zambia. Follow-up studies are planned to assess the longer term impact of the program on knowledge uptake in the study neighbourhoods. Inclusion of tailored The Vicious Worm' educational workshops should be considered in integrated cysticercosis control programs in endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa

Compilation de données en matière de sciences sociales et comportementales, flambée épidémique du virus Ébola, novembre 2018 - février 2019

This rapid compilation of data analyses provides a ‘stock-take’ of social science and behavioural data related to the on-going outbreak of Ebola in North Kivu and Ituri provinces. Based on data gathered and analysed by organisations working in the Ebola response and in the region more broadly, it explores convergences and divergences between datasets and, when possible, differences by geographic area, demographic group, time period and other relevant variables. Data sources are listed at the end of the document. The brief focuses on data generated between November 2018 and early February 2019, and also includes studies that were completed in October but only became available for analysis in November 2018. It builds on the previous SSHAP data compilation brief that synthesised social science and behavioural data generated in August-October 2018. This brief was prepared by Kevin Bardosh (University of Washington), Ingrid Gercama and Juliet Bedford (Anthrologica), with support from the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform and GOARN Research Social Science Group. Feedback was also provided by colleagues from CDC, UNICEF, WHO, IFRC, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) and the Institute for Development Studies (IDS).Cette brève compilation d’analyses de données fournit un « état des lieux » des données en matière de sciences sociales et comportementales liées à la flambée épidémique actuelle du virus Ébola dans les provinces du Nord-Kivu et de l’Ituri. Sur la base des données collectées et analysées par des organisations oeuvrant à la riposte au virus Ébola et, de manière plus générale, au sein de la région, elle examine les convergences et les divergences entre les ensembles de données et, dans la mesure du possible, les différences par zone géographique, groupe démographique, période de temps et autres variables pertinentes. Les sources de données sont indiquées à la fin du document. Cette note stratégique est axée sur les données générées entre novembre 2018 et début février 2019, et inclut également des études réalisées au mois d’octobre, mais seulement mises à disposition pour analyse en novembre 2018. Elle est fondée sur une précédente note stratégique de compilation de données de la SSHAP qui faisait la synthèse des données en matière de sciences sociales et comportementales générées entre août et octobre 2018. Cette notre stratégique a été élaborée par Kevin Bardosh (Université de Washington), Ingrid Gercama et Juliet Bedford (Anthrologica), avec l’assistance de la Plateforme Social Science in Humanitarian Action et du Groupe de recherche des sciences sociales GOARN. Des contributions ont également été apportées par des collègues des CDC, de l’UNICEF, de l’OMS, de la FICR, de la Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI), de l’École d’hygiène et de médecine tropicale de Londres (LSHTM) et de l’Institute for Development Studies (IDS).UNICE

Understanding hard-to-reach communities: local perspectives and experiences of trachoma control among the pastoralist Maasai in northern Tanzania.

As progress to eliminate trachoma is made, addressing hard-to-reach communities becomes of greater significance. Areas in Tanzania, inhabited by the Maasai, remain endemic for trachoma. This study assessed the effectiveness of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) through an ethnographic study of trachoma amongst a Maasai community. The MDA experience in the context of the livelihoods of the Maasai in a changing political economy was explored using participant observation and household interviews. Factors influencing MDA effectiveness within five domains were analysed. 1) Terrain of intervention: Human movement hindered MDA, including seasonal migration, domestic chores, grazing and school. Encounters with wildlife were significant. 2) Socio-cultural factors and community agency: Norms around pregnancy led women to accept the drug but hide refusal to swallow the drug. Timing of Community Drug Distributor (CDD) visits conflicted with livestock grazing. Refusals occurred among the ilmurrani age group and older women. Mistrust significantly hindered uptake of drugs. 3) Strategies and motivation of drug distributors: Maa-speaking CDDs were critical to effective drug delivery. Maasai CDDs, whilst motivated, faced challenges of distances, encounters with wildlife and compensation. 4) Socio-materiality of technology: Decreases in side-effects over years have improved trust in the drug. Restrictions to swallowing drugs and/or water were relevant to post-partum women and the ilmurrani. 5) History and health governance: Whilst perceptions of the programme were positive, communities questioned government priorities for resources for hospitals, medicines, clean water and roads. They complained of a lack of information and involvement of community members in health care services. With elimination in sight, hard-to-reach communities are paramount as these are probably the last foci of infection. Effective delivery of MDA programmes in such communities requires a critical understanding of community experiences and responses that can inform tailored approaches to trachoma control. Application of a critical social science perspective should be embedded in planning and evaluation of all NTD programmes