Is there a universal pattern for reconciliations? : successes and failures of European and Asian reconciliation as a tool for the Balkans?

The postwar period brought not only the division of the world into two hostile camps but also the need to reconcile and work through the past wrongdoings. The world was amazed by Willy Brandt's knee-fall in Warsaw in 1970, and some of the countries took that as an example of the perfect reconciliation. Nonetheless, Polish-German apologies were not the ones that washed away all blame. The war memories still raise many emotions among the two nations. However, Japan and Korea, two allied democracies that still struggle with the war memories, frequently point to the European neighbors as a perfect example of reconciliation. The aim of this paper is to verify the strengths and weaknesses of European and Asian reconciliation and to find among them the working patterns for the Balkans, as well as the failures that should not be repeated

Hidden memory and memorials : the Monument in Memory of the Korean Victims of the Atomic Bomb and the Remembrance of Korean Victims

During World War II, Americans dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Due to this atrocity, around 140,000 human beings lost their lives. Almost 20% of them were Ko- reans. It resulted in the sudden capitulation of Japan and caused the so called higaisha ishiki (awareness of being a victim) among Japanese society. Unfortunately, the question of Korean atomic blast victims has been forgotten and the Monument raised in Memory of the Korean Victims of the Atomic Bomb was placed in the peripheries of the Park. e aim of this paper is to analyze Hiroshima Memorial Park monuments, as locations that serve as political tools, with special emphasis on the issue of the Monument in Memory of Korean Victims of the A-bomb, which characterizes Japanese politics of remembrance towards Korea

The membership of the Jewish refugees from Poland in political organizations in wartime Shanghai (1941-1942) : the analysis of Polish diplomatic documentation

When in the early 1940s a vast number of war refugees - mainly Jews, reached (via Japan) Shanghai, they got stuck in the city due to the eruptionof the Pacific War. While being mostly Polish citizens, they depended on the diplomatic care of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Tokyo, led by the Ambassador Tadeusz Romer and after its closure - the Polish Consulate in Shanghai, where the ambassador was moved. The diplomats became engaged in the organisation of refugee groups, livelihoods and visas necessary for their evacuation. The aim of this article is to characterise the political and social groups of Polish citizens, who benefited from the Polish consulate’s help and were therefore registered in the diplomatic records

Remembering the origins : everyday life of Polish Jewish refugees' children in Shanghai under Japanese occupation : the children's fate as depicted in Polish-language newspapers "Echo Szanghajskie" and "Wiadomości" published in East Asia

In the 1940s, war atrocities and fear of the Holocaust caused thousands of Polish citizens, including many children, to flee their homeland and ultimately find safety in East Asia. This kind of forced migration was a group movement. It was a consequence of the issuing of transit visas in 1940 by Chiune Sugihara, the Japanese consul in Lithuania, and a written guarantee from Jan Zwartendijk, a Dutch diplomat in Kaunas, that they would receive visa documents on the journey, promising free entry to the Dutch colony of Curacao. The survival of this group of war refugees was helped by the efforts of the Polish Ambassador to Japan, Tadeusz Romer, who took care of the refugees from Poland and guaranteed them the diplomatic protection and assistance. The aim of this article is to analyze the beginning of the 'life path' of refugee children in a completely alien environment and to verify the importance of this situation for their development of Polish-Jewish roots in later life. The most important source of information for this study is "Wiadomości" ("The Tidings"), a Polish language newspaper published in wartime Shanghai by the refugee community

Understanding politics and history through the images

Book Review: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Coverage of Political Occurrences in Asia. Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles, Cartoons and Photos. Berlin–Munster–Wien: LIT Verlag 2015 (pp. 234). ISBN 978–3-643–90592–5. Price: 89.90 EUR

CONTRACTS IN MUSEUM OPERATIONS.PUBLIC-LAW ASPECTS

In 2022, the Wydawnictwo UniwersytetuGdańskiego published Umowy w działalności muzeów.Zagadnienia publicznoprawne [Contracts in MuseumOperations. Public-law Aspects] by Paulina Gwoździewicz-Matan. It is a supplement to the book by Paulina Gwoździewicz-Matan. Iwona Gredka-Ligarska, and Prof. Wojciech W. KowalskiUmowy w działalności muzeów. Prawo cywilne. Prawo autorskie[Contracts in Museum Operations. Civil Law. Copyright].The study’s Author does not deal with the application of thecorpus of public law to museum operations, but with the selectedissues related to the specificity of museums’ activityaimed at amassing and protecting collections. The first sectionsof the study tackle the legal status of museums and theimpact of subsequent regulations of public law on the contractsconcluded by museums, beginning with the basic act,namely the Act on Museums. Subsequently, the Author proceedsto analysing the Act of 11 September 2019 on PublicProcurement Law as well as fiscal regulations in the contextof such contracts. In the following chapters, the applicationof the provisions of the Act on the Security of Personal Dataand regulations concerning the disclosure of contracts by themuseums which are public sector units are discussed. A valuablecomplement to the study can be found in a set of contracttemplates contained in an Annex; they actually translate intothe summing up of the conclusions presented in the study andalso resulting from the study Contracts in Museum Operations.Civil Law. Copyright. The Annex contains the set of contracttemplates most frequently used by museums. The discussedstudy should be found in the book collection of every individualdealing with the legal aspects of museum operations

Polityka Japonii wobec Izraela w kontekście konfliktu na Bliskim Wschodzie

"Historia stosunków japońsko-izraelskich, podobnie jak japońsko-arabskich, nie jest długa. Zainteresowanie Japonii Bliskim Wschodem rozpoczęło się wraz z rozwojem gospodarczym tego kraju, kiedy stał się on zależny od importu bliskowschodniej ropy na rynek dalekowschodni. Jednakże ogromne z początku uzależnienie od tego naturalnego surowca uległo częściowemu zmniejszeniu w latach 80. XX w., kiedy niestabilna sytuacja w tym regionie świata spowodowała zmianę bliskowschodniej polityki Japonii. W związku z tym powojenne poparcie dla polityki krajów arabskich zmieniło się w nawiązanie przyjaznych stosunków dyplomatycznych z pozostającym z nimi w konflikcie od czasu swojego powstania Izraelem. Kluczem do zrozumienia takiego stanu rzeczy mogą być japońskie stosunki ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi, które po zakończeniu II wojny światowej narzuciły Japonii prowadzenie polityki prozachodniej. Jednak przedstawiona w tej pracy krótka historia stosunków między Japonią a Bliskim Wschodem ma za zadanie udowodnić, że jednym z najważniejszych powodów takiej, a nie innej polityki były interesy gospodarcze Japonii, zainteresowanej długotrwałą stabilizacją w opisywanym regionie. W jej prowadzeniu Japonii nie przeszkadzał powojenny sojusz ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi, których działania były niekiedy sprzeczne z japońskimi."(...

MODERNIZACJA TRADYCYJNYCH RÓL SPOŁECZNYCH KOBIET W JAPONII

The aim of this article is to show the changes that have taken place in Japanese society after World War II, with particular emphasis on the 21stcenturyandthe present situation. Therefore, this article is a sketch of the situation incontemporary Japan and contribution to the further analysis of the various research issues related to the position and situation of women in Japan. Demographic, gender equality and professional dimensions will be taken into consideration.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zilustrowanie zmian jakie miały miejsce w Japonii po II Wojnie Światowej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przełomu wieków i obecnej sytuacji. Z tego względu tekst ten można traktować jako wkład w dalszą, pogłębioną analizę badań ogniskujących się wokół aktualnej pozycji kobiet w Japonii. Jako punkt odniesienia prowadzonej analizy przyjęto zagadnienia demograficzne i kwestię równości płci oraz nierówności zawodowe

Japanese-Polish cooperation in the field of humanitarian aid for Ukraine : formal and informal networks

After the Russian military assault on Ukraine on 24 February 2022, humanitarian aid for refugees from the conflict zone became a high priority in Poland. Japan, a nation which has unresolved territorial disputes with Russia and historical reasons to be concerned about Russian military expansion, started to actively support Ukraine. Sanctions against Russia by the Kishida cabinet were implemented together with emergency humanitarian assistance funds to Ukraine. Poland became a hub in which Japanese NGOs and individual Japanese citizens started to act. Moreover, Japanese funds were transferred to Polish organisations which provided Ukraine with help on behalf of the Japanese government and Japanese NGOs

Analogy of the Reactions of Aromatic and Aliphatic π-Electrophiles with Nucleophiles

The aim of this essay is to disclose the similarity of a great variety of reactions that proceed between nucleophiles and pi-electrophiles—both aromatic and aliphatic. These reactions proceed via initial reversible addition, followed by a variety of transformations that are common for the adducts of both aliphatic and aromatic electrophiles. We hope that understanding of this analogy should help to expand the scope of the known reactions and inspire the search for new reactions that were overlooked