Perception of fonts: Perceived personality traits and uses

Often credited with creating first impressions, fonts are typically classified according to unique typographical features (serif, sans serif, etc) and overall appearance. The combination of appearance and typographical features often lead graphic artists and typographers to describe typefaces using personality traits (.less cuddly, more assertive, Berry, 2004). In a BBC audio program (Peacock, 2005), fonts were depicted as feminine and masculine, among other traits. Feminine fonts were described as fine, serifed, sleek, and elegant; masculine fonts were characterized as being blocky and bold. This study sought to determine if certain personalities and uses are associated with various fonts. Using an online survey, participants rated the personality of 20 fonts using 15 adjective pairs. In addition, participants viewed the same 20 fonts and selected which uses were most appropriate. Results suggested that personality traits are indeed attributed to fonts based on their design family (Serif, Sans-Serif, Modern, Monospace, Script/Funny) and are associated with appropriate uses. Implications of these results to the design of online materials and websites are discussed

Engaging Patients in Health System Transformation: The experience of the Maine Health Access Foundation\u27s (MeHAF) Advancing Payment Reform Initiative

In 2001, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified patient centeredness as one of six essential aims of “a new health care system for the 21st century”.1 Since that time, we have begun a gradual shift from a professionally driven system toward one that is more “patient centered” or “consumer centered,” recognizing and incorporating patients’ perspectives in decisions in clinical care, delivery system, and policies. As the health care system responds to new payment approaches and positions itself to achieve the Triple Aim (i.e. better care, lower cost, enhanced patient experience), it is important to assess how organizations that are moving to advance health care service delivery and payment reform are integrating patient engagement into the health system transformation process. Since 2011, the Maine Health Access Foundation’s Advancing Payment Reform initiative has funded 13 health system transformation projects. Diverse in their approach, each has undertaken efforts to achieve greater patient engagement ranging from involving patients and families as informed and active participants in their own health care (e.g. shared decision making, self-management) to involving patients at the organizational or policy-level through consumer advisory boards and other means to provide guidance for health system transformation. This brief summarizes the experience of these grantees in developing and implementing strategies to engage patients in payment reform and delivery system redesign.2 The purpose is to identify common themes and lessons within and across these initiatives to inform future patient engagement efforts

Nowhere to Run; Nowhere to Hide: The Reality of Being a Law Library Director in Times of Great Opportunity and Significant Challenges

This is an edited version of remarks presented at \u27Nowhere to Run, Nowhere to Hide\u27: The Reality of Being a Law Library Director in Times of Great Opportunity and Significant Challenges, January 5, 2015, at the Association of American Law Schools Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C

The cross-pathway control system regulates production of the secondary metabolite toxin, sirodesmin PL, in the ascomycete, Leptosphaeria maculans

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Sirodesmin PL is a secondary metabolite toxin made by the ascomycetous plant pathogen, <it>Leptosphaeria maculans</it>. The sirodesmin biosynthetic genes are clustered in the genome. The key genes are a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, <it>sirP</it>, and a pathway-specific transcription factor, <it>sirZ</it>. Little is known about regulation of sirodesmin production.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Genes involved in regulation of sirodesmin PL in <it>L. maculans </it>have been identified. Two hundred random insertional T-DNA mutants were screened with an antibacterial assay for ones producing low levels of sirodesmin PL. Three such mutants were isolated and each transcribed <it>sirZ </it>at very low levels. One of the affected genes had high sequence similarity to <it>Aspergillus fumigatus cpcA</it>, which regulates the cross-pathway control system in response to amino acid availability. This gene was silenced in <it>L. maculans </it>and the resultant mutant characterised. When amino acid starvation was artificially-induced by addition of 3-aminotriazole for 5 h, transcript levels of <it>sirP </it>and <it>sirZ </it>did not change in the wild type. In contrast, levels of <it>sirP </it>and <it>sirZ </it>transcripts increased in the silenced <it>cpcA </it>mutant. After prolonged amino acid starvation the silenced <it>cpcA </it>mutant produced much higher amounts of sirodesmin PL than the wild type.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Production of sirodesmin PL in <it>L. maculans </it>is regulated by the cross pathway control gene, <it>cpcA</it>, either directly or indirectly via the pathway-specific transcription factor, <it>sirZ</it>.</p

The Role of Organizational Change in Health System and Payment Reform

The Maine Health Access Foundation (MeHAF) has awarded grants to 14 Maine health organizations to date to mitigate the increasing cost of health care in Maine through innovative delivery system and payment reform strategies that preserve access, improve quality, and offer better value. As part of the evaluation of this initiative, the University of Southern Maine Muskie School of Public Service (Muskie School) is producing a series of issue briefs that capture common themes and challenges across grantees in achieving payment reform and health system delivery change to assess lessons learned. This is the first issue brief which describes our evaluation approach and presents an analysis of the role of organizational change among grantees engaged in delivery system and payment reform

Health Data and Financing and Delivery System Reform: Is the Glass Half Full or Half Empty?

In 2011, the Maine Health Access Foundation (MeHAF) launched its Advancing Payment Reform initiative to stimulate innovative payment and delivery system reform strategies in Maine. This policy paper reports on the health data experience of the 14 program grantees, using interviews conducted in 2013-14 and other information garnered from the evaluation of the initiative. The paper focuses on the role and impact of health data in supporting implementation and monitoring of specific components of the projects’ reform strategies; the data infrastructure challenges the projects have faced and how those have been addressed; and the generalizable lessons learned so far for improving data usefulness, access, analysis, and integration to support payment and delivery system reform. Support for this policy paper was provided by the Maine Health Access Foundation

Kinetics and Phenotype of Vaccine-Induced CD8+ T-Cell Responses to Toxoplasma gondii

Multiple studies have established that the ability of CD8+ T cells to act as cytolytic effectors and produce gamma interferon is important in mediating resistance to the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. To better understand the generation of the antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses induced by T. gondii, mice were immunized with replication-deficient parasites that express the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Class I tetramers specific for SIINFEKL were used to track the OVA-specific endogenous CD8+ T cells. The peak CD8+ T-cell response was found at day 10 postimmunization, after which the frequency and numbers of antigen-specific cells declined. Unexpectedly, replication-deficient parasites were found to induce antigen-specific cells with faster kinetics than replicating parasites. The generation of optimal numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ effector T cells was found to require CD4+ T-cell help. At 7 days following immunization, antigen-specific cells were found to be CD62Llow, KLRG1+, and CD127low, and they maintained this phenotype for more than 70 days. Antigen-specific CD8+ effector T cells in immunized mice exhibited potent perforin-dependent OVA-specific cytolytic activity in vivo. Perforin-dependent cytolysis appeared to be the major cytolytic mechanism; however, a perforin-independent pathway that was not mediated via Fas-FasL was also detected. This study provides further insight into vaccine-induced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses that correlate with protective immunity to T. gondii and identifies a critical role for CD4+ T cells in the generation of protective CD8+ T-cell responses

Investigation of attentional bias in obsessive compulsive disorder with and without depression in visual search

Copyright: © 2013 Morein-Zamir et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedWhether Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is associated with an increased attentional bias to emotive stimuli remains controversial. Additionally, it is unclear whether comorbid depression modulates abnormal emotional processing in OCD. This study examined attentional bias to OC-relevant scenes using a visual search task. Controls, non-depressed and depressed OCD patients searched for their personally selected positive images amongst their negative distractors, and vice versa. Whilst the OCD groups were slower than healthy individuals in rating the images, there were no group differences in the magnitude of negative bias to concern-related scenes. A second experiment employing a common set of images replicated the results on an additional sample of OCD patients. Although there was a larger bias to negative OC-related images without pre-exposure overall, no group differences in attentional bias were observed. However, OCD patients subsequently rated the images more slowly and more negatively, again suggesting post-attentional processing abnormalities. The results argue against a robust attentional bias in OCD patients, regardless of their depression status and speak to generalized difficulties disengaging from negative valence stimuli. Rather, post-attentional processing abnormalities may account for differences in emotional processing in OCD.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Deweyan tools for inquiry and the epistemological context of critical pedagogy

This article develops the notion of resistance as articulated in the literature of critical pedagogy as being both culturally sponsored and cognitively manifested. To do so, the authors draw upon John Dewey\u27s conception of tools for inquiry. Dewey provides a way to conceptualize student resistance not as a form of willful disputation, but instead as a function of socialization into cultural models of thought that actively truncate inquiry. In other words, resistance can be construed as the cognitive and emotive dimensions of the ongoing failure of institutions to provide ideas that help individuals both recognize social problems and imagine possible solutions. Focusing on Dewey\u27s epistemological framework, specifically tools for inquiry, provides a way to grasp this problem. It also affords some innovative solutions; for instance, it helps conceive of possible links between the regular curriculum and the study of specific social justice issues, a relationship that is often under-examined. The aims of critical pedagogy depend upon students developing dexterity with the conceptual tools they use to make meaning of the evidence they confront; these are background skills that the regular curriculum can be made to serve even outside social justice-focused curricula. Furthermore, the article concludes that because such inquiry involves the exploration and potential revision of students\u27 world-ordering beliefs, developing flexibility in how one thinks may be better achieved within academic subjects and topics that are not so intimately connected to students\u27 current social lives, especially where students may be directly implicated

Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height

Most common human traits and diseases have a polygenic pattern of inheritance: DNA sequence variants at many genetic loci influence the phenotype. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified more than 600 variants associated with human traits, but these typically explain small fractions of phenotypic variation, raising questions about the use of further studies. Here, using 183,727 individuals, we show that hundreds of genetic variants, in at least 180 loci, influence adult height, a highly heritable and classic polygenic trait. The large number of loci reveals patterns with important implications for genetic studies of common human diseases and traits. First, the 180 loci are not random, but instead are enriched for genes that are connected in biological pathways (P = 0.016) and that underlie skeletal growth defects (P < 0.001). Second, the likely causal gene is often located near the most strongly associated variant: in 13 of 21 loci containing a known skeletal growth gene, that gene was closest to the associated variant. Third, at least 19 loci have multiple independently associated variants, suggesting that allelic heterogeneity is a frequent feature of polygenic traits, that comprehensive explorations of already-discovered loci should discover additional variants and that an appreciable fraction of associated loci may have been identified. Fourth, associated variants are enriched for likely functional effects on genes, being over-represented among variants that alter amino-acid structure of proteins and expression levels of nearby genes. Our data explain approximately 10% of the phenotypic variation in height, and we estimate that unidentified common variants of similar effect sizes would increase this figure to approximately 16% of phenotypic variation (approximately 20% of heritable variation). Although additional approaches are needed to dissect the genetic architecture of polygenic human traits fully, our findings indicate that GWA studies can identify large numbers of loci that implicate biologically relevant genes and pathways.