35 research outputs found

    The area of farms and their influence on generating negative externalities

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    Purpose: The aim of the research is to identify and assess the negative external effects of agricultural activity and determine whether their level is dependent on the size of farms, agricultural area expressed, in spatial terms in Poland. Design/Methodology/Approach: The time range of the collected research material covered the years 2008-2015. A synthetic measure of the assessment was used, which enabled ranking the studied regions in terms of the indicator of agri-environmental externalities. In order to verify the accepted hypothesis, an econometric model explaining the relationship between the emerging environmental effects and the surface of farms is proposed. The collected empirical material aggregated in the panel form is used to build the model. Findings: The results indicate significant differences in the generation of negative environmental effects between regions in Poland. It is also found that there is a relationship between the size of agricultural area on farms and the level of negative agri-environmental externalities. Practical Implications: The results obtained may be used for development of the agricultural policy, aimed at agricultural companies, depending on their size, expressed as the area of arable land. Originality/Value: The results are original due to the possibility of being used in any country (region). They enable identification of environmental threats caused by agricultural production, depending on farm agricultural enterprise size. They may be used for development of prospective scenarios for agricultural policy.peer-reviewe

    Determination of Budesonide and Sulfasalazine in Water and Wastewater Samples Using DLLME-SFO-HPLC-UV Method

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    Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet (DLLME-SFO) was applied to isolate budesonide (BUD) and sulfasalazine (SULF) from aqueous samples. The effects of different parameters on the efficiency on the extraction such as type of extrahent and dispersive solvent, ionic strength, pH of sample, and centrifugation time were investigated. Moreover, the influence of foreign substances on a studied process was tested. The calibration curves were recorded. The linearity ranges for BUD and SULF were 0.022–8.611 µg mL−1 and 0.020–7.968 µg mL−1 with the limit of detection (LOD) 0.011 µg mL−1 and 0.012 µg mL−1 , respectively. The enrichment factors (EF) for two analytes were high: for BUD it was 145.7 and for SULF, 119.5. The elaborated procedure was applied for HPLC-UV determination of these analytes in water and wastewater samples.Marta Hryniewicka: [email protected] Hryniewicka - Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, ul. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, PolandSemreen, M.H.; Shanableh, A.; Semerjian, L.; Alniss, H.; Mousa, M.; Bai, X.; Acharya, K. Simultaneous Determination of Pharmaceuticals by Solid-phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study from Sharjah Sewage Treatment Plant. Molecules 2019, 24, 633.Wang, Y.; Tang, Y.; Moellmann, H.; Hochhaus, G. Simultaneous quantification of budesonide and its two metabolites, 6beta-hydroxybudesonide and 16alpha-hydroxyprednisolone, in human plasma by liquid chromatography negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2003, 17, 158–164.Gazzotti, T.; Barbarossa, A.; Zironi, E.; Roncada, P.; Pietra, M.; Pagliuca, G. An LC-MS/MS method for the determination of budesonide and 16 alpha-hydroxyprednisolone in dog plasma. Methodsx 2016, 3, 139–143.Graham, G.G.; Pile, K.D. Sulfasalazine and Related Drugs; Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 1–5.Gupta, M.; Bhargava, H.N. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of budesonide. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2006, 40, 423–428.Naikwade, S.R.; Bajaj, A.N. Development of a validated specific HPLC method for budesonide and characterization of its alkali degradation product. Can. J. Anal. Sci. Spectrosc. 2008, 53, 113–122.Deventer, K.; Mikulcikova, P.; Van Hoecke, H.; Van Eenoo, P.; Del-beke, F.T. Detection of budesonide in human urine after inhalation by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2006, 42, 474–479.Nilsson, K.; Andersson, M.; Beck, O. Phospholipid removal combined with a semi-automated 96-well SPE application for determination of budesonide in human plasma with LC-MS/MS. J. Chrom. B-Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2014, 970, 31–35.Szeitz, A.; Manji, J.; Riggs, K.W.; Thamboo, A.; Javer, A.R. Validated assay for the simultaneous determination of cortisol and budesonide in human plasma using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2014, 90, 198–206. [CrossRef]Joseph, S.; Menon, S.; Khera, S. Simultaneous determination of methotrexate and sulfasalazine in plasma by HPLC-DAD. LC GC N. Am. 2015, 33, 122–138.Saini, B.; Bansal, G. Degradation study on sulfasalazine and a validated HPLC-UV method for its stability testing. Sci. Pharm. 2014, 82, 295–306.Patil, A.; Raheja, V.; Damre, A. Simultaneous analysis of intestinal permeability markers, ca eine, paracetamol and sulfasalazine by reverse phase liquid chromatography: A tool for standardization of rat everted gut sac model. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2010, 3, 204–207.Kwiecien, A.; Piatek, K.; Zmudzki, P.; Krzek, J. TLC-densitometric determination of sulfasalazine and its possible impurities in pharmaceutical preparations. Acta Chrom. 2015, 27, 623–635.Su, F.; Sun, Z.Q.; Liang, X.R. Development and validation of a quantitativeNMRmethod for the determination of the commercial tablet formulation of sulfasalazine. Curr. Pharm. Anal. 2019, 15, 39–44.Ramezani, Z.; Dibaee, N. Determination of sulfasalazine in sulfasalazine tablets using silver nanoparticles. Iran. J. Pharm. Sci. 2012, 8, 129–134.Gu, G.Z.; Xia, H.M.; Pang, Z.Q.; Liu, Z.Y.; Jiang, X.G.; Chen, J. Determination of sulphasalazine and its main metabolite sulphapyridine and 5-aminosalicylic acid in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J. Chrom. B 2011, 879, 449–456.Grabic, R.; Fick, J.; Lindberg, R.H.; Fedorova, G.; Tysklind, M. Multi-residue method for trace level determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental samples using liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012, 100, 183–195.Gineys, N.; Giroud, B.; Vulliet, E. Analytical method for the determination of trace levels of steroid hormones and corticosteroids in soil, based on PLE/SPE/LC-MS/MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 397, 2295–2302.Fiori, J.; Andrisano, V. LC-MS method for the simultaneous determination of six glucocorticoids in pharmaceutical formulations and counterfeit cosmetic products. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2014, 91, 185–192.Kasprzyk-Hordern, B.; Dinsdale, R.M.; Guwy, A.J. Multiresidue methods for the analysis of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and illicit drugs in surface water and wastewater by solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2008, 391, 1293–1308.Kasprzyk-Hordern, B.; Dinsdale, R.M.; Guwy, A.J. The effect of signal suppression and mobile phase composition on the simultaneous analysis of multiple classes of acidic/neutral pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface water by solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-negative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2008, 74, 1299–1312.Leong, M.I.; Huang, S.D. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic drop combined with gas chromatography with electron-capture or mass spectrometry detection. J. Chrom. A 2008, 1211, 8–12.Ahmadi-Jouibari, T.; Fattahi, N.; Shamsipur, M. Rapid extraction and determination of amphetamines in human urine samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and solidification of floating organic drop followed by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2014, 94, 145–151.Rahimi, A.; Hashemi, P. Development of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on solidification of a floating organic drop for the determination of beta-carotene in human serum. J. Anal. Chem. 2014, 69, 352–356.Jian, Y.H.; Hu, Y.;Wang, T.; Liu, J.L.; Zhang, C.H.; Li, Y. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop with high performance liquid chromatography for determination of deca brominated diphenyl ether in surficial sediments. Chin. J. Anal. Chem. 2010, 38, 62–66. [CrossRef]Hou, F.; Deng, X.; Jiang, X.; Yu, J. Determination of parabens in beverage samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet. J. Chrom. Sci. 2014, 52, 1332–1338.Yamini, Y.; Rezaee, M.; Khanchi, A.; Faraji, M. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop followed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry as a fast technique for the simultaneous determination of heavy metals. J. Chrom. A 2010, 1217, 2358–2364.Shamsipur, M.; Fattahi, N.; Assadi, Y.; Sadeghi, M.; Sharafi, K. Speciation of As(III) and As(V) in water samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after solid phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop. Talanta 2014, 130, 26–32.Moghadam, M.R.; Shabani, A.M.H.; Dadfarnia, S. Spectrophotometric determination of iron species using a combination of artificial neural networks and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 197, 176–182.Li, Y.; Peng, G.; He, Q.; Zhu, H.; Al-Hamadani, S.M.Z.F. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop followed by ICP-MS for the simultaneous determination of heavy metals in wastewaters. Spectrochim. Acta Part A-Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2015, 140, 156–161.Al-Saidi, H.M.; Emara Adel, A.A. The recent developments in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for preconcentration and determination of inorganic analytes. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 2014, 18, 745–761.Wang, H.M.; Jiang, X.H.; Lin, S.; Yi, H. Studies on determination of sulfasalazine and sulfapyridine in human plasma by HPLC and pharmacokinetics in human volunteers. Chin. J. Antibiot. 2013, 38, 223–226.11

    Effect of acetylcholine on vascular smooth muscle contraction induced by phenylephrine, angiotensin II and mastoparan-7

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    Background. The reactivity of blood vessels depends on their structure and the presence of calcium ions. It is modulated by numerous factors which activate specific signalling pathways leading to contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle. The action of various vasodilatation substances may be altered under the influence of similar or quite different modulators. Main aim of this study was to assess the role of acetylcholine and calcium ions in modulating the contraction induced by angiotensin II (ANG II), phenylephrine (PHE) and mastoparan-7, a direct activator of G-protein. Material and methods. Experiments were performed on isolated and perfused tail arteries of Wistar rats. Contraction force in our model was measured by increased level of perfusion pressure with a constant flow. Results. ANG II caused an increase in perfusion pressure in physiological salt solution (PSS) and calcium free PSS (FPSS).Under the influence of increasing concentrations of acetylcholine, a statistically significant reduction in perfusion pressure in both types of fluid was noted. In the presence of nitro-L-arginine (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NNA) in both solutions, no changes in contraction stimulated by ANG II or spasmolytic effect of acetylcholine were observed. PHE, in a similar manner to ANG II, caused contraction in FPSS and PSS, which was similarly modulated by acetylcholine. In the mastoparan-7 induced contraction, the pattern of tissue response was similar. For all groups, maximal perfusion pressure in PSS was higher than for FPSS. Conclusions. The results of our experiments suggest that acetylcholine by activation of vascular endothelium is able to induce dose-dependent vasodilatation not only in contraction related to typical metabotropic receptor agonists, but also after direct stimulation of G-protein with mastoparan-7. This effect may be reversed in the presence of inhibitors of endothelial synthase of nitric oxide

    Changes in the management of municipal waste in Poland - towards the circular economy

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    Increasing demand for consumer goods causes more and more waste. In line with the principle of sustainable development, waste policy should aim at ensuring that waste produced has the least impact on the natural environment. One solution is to use a circular economy. According to this concept waste production should be minimized as much as possible. Therefore, action should be taken to enable all raw materials to "stay" in economy for as long as possible. Main goal of the article is defined as an assess of the changes in the generation and management of municipal waste before and after the amendment of the Clean House Act. As the research tasks were adopted to present changes in waste management legal regulations: • to indicate waste generation level in Poland, • the origin of the waste, • to analyses and evaluate changes in the field of waste recovery, recycling and reuse. In this context there is an important question, how could we decrease production and consumption in order to generate lower quantity of waste or recycle them appropriately and use again. After the entry into force of the law on the maintenance of cleanliness and order in municipalities, there was a decrease in a production of mixed waste. Between 2012-2016 there was an increase in the amount of municipal waste picked up selectively. The amount of mixed waste recycled in 2016 has increased fourfold in comparison to 2012, and the amount of waste recycled has increased by 42 times

    Changes and diversity of income situation of agricultural population in Poland in the years 2000-2014

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    Celem opracowania jest określenie i ocena zmian w sytuacji dochodowej ludności rolniczej, a także wskazanie czynników wpływających na poziom dochodów. Stwierdzono, iż dochód z gospodarstwa indywidualnego w rolnictwie w przeliczeniu na gospodarstwo, a także na 1 osobę w gospodarstwie domowym wyrażony w cenach stałych generalnie wzrastał, chociaż w kolejnych latach analizowanego okresu był zróżnicowany. Występowało zróżnicowanie dochodów w gospodarstwach domowych mierzone współczynnikiem Giniego. Najbardziej zróżnicowane były dochody rolników, dla których współczynnik Giniego w latach 2003-2013 wynosił średnio 0,527. Dodatkowo można wskazać, iż następował jego wzrost, czyli pogłębiają się nierówności w przypadku dochodów uzyskiwanych przez rolników.The aim of the study is to identify and assess changes in the income of the rural population, and an indication of the factors of income. The author stated that the income from a private farm in agriculture per farm and per 1 person in a household, expressed in constant prices generally increased, although in the following years was diverse. In the analyzed period occurred differentiation of household income measured by the Gini coefficient. The most varied were the farmers’ income, for which the Gini coefficient in the period 2003-2013 averaged 0.527. Additionally followed its growth, which is deepening inequalities in the case of income by farmers

    SOURCES OF FINANCING AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN DAIRY FARMS WITH DIFFERENT SCALES OF COW REARING

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    The aim of the research was to evaluate the sources of financing agricultural activities in farms specialized in milk production. The subject of research was a group of family farms located in the Podlaskie and Mazowieckie voivodeships (provinces). The criterion for farm division was the number of cows in the basic herd. There was also an assessment of the most important factors conducive to the development of dairy farms. To do so, the opinions of dairy farmers were used, and their views in this regard were expressed on a five-point Likert scale. The research was conducted on a sample of 100 farms in 2021. The interpretation of the results was made in relation to the criterion adopted in the division of farms into quartiles. It was found that the main source of financing activities in dairy farms was own funds. The highest share of farms using commercial loans was in the group of farms with the largest number of cows. With an increase in the number of cows in a herd, the area of farms increased, which is understandable due to the need to produce roughage. The most important factors influencing the development possibilities of agricultural holdings were the uninterrupted collection of raw material and a stable milk purchase price, which guaranteed the farmers’ financial liquidity

    ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚĆ ROLNIKÓW ZA STAN ŚRODOWISKA NATURALNEGO

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    The paper attempts to evaluate awareness of Polish farmers the responsibility for the negative consequences that can cause agricultural production and the ability to counteract this effect. The aim of the study was also the assessment of knowledge of the principles of farming in line with sustainable development. The article presents the opinion of farmers on the responsibility for the consequences of negative externalities in agriculture. It was found that farmers know the rules of the Common Good Agricultural Practice and cross compliance. It can be concluded that farmers are afraid of responsibility for the negative environmental effects

    Negatywne skutki produkcji rolniczej i możliwości ich ograniczania

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    Protecting and shaping the environment in which man lives is considered today as one of the main challenges of humanity. It also is part of the agricultural activity that increasingly negative impacts on the environment. The objective of the paper was to present the existing methods of reducing the adverse effects of agricultural activities on the environment and the discussion and attempt to assess the reasonableness of solutions. It was found that the main solutions of limiting negative effects of agriculture are public actions and measures

    CHANGES IN THE PROFITABILITY OF PRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL POTATOES IN POLAND – A CASE STUDY

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    This paper assesses the profitability of industrial potato production in Poland. The studies indicated changes on the market concerning industrial potatoes and involved an assessment of the area of cultivation and level of production achieved in comparison to other EU countries. Farm profitability is determined based on the calculated gross margin from which its agricultural income was estimated. An analysis of the profitability of assets and sales was also prepared. Changes in potato production and crop yield as well as the general situation on the potato market were analysed. It was shown that the purchase price of potatoes and potato crop cultivation materials are the most important factors contributing to the profitability of potato production. Research was carried out at a specifically selected family farm specializing in potato production. It was observed that the farmer did not pursue drastic reductions in production costs, as this would have led to a decrease in income and profitability. However, their strategy did allow for a sufficiently high gross margin to be obtained. The gross margin from potato production that was obtained in 2014-2018 was positive, and higher than the average in their province

    Zmiany cen gruntów rolnych w Polsce po wejściu w życie nowej ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego

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    The new Act on Formation of the Agricultural System, which entered into force on 1 May 2016, has sparked some interest. Therefore, those who heard about major incoming changes in land trade may have acted quickly and unreasonably. Granted, according to the data on the prices of arable land immediately before and after the entry into force of the said act, there may had been some price decrease prior to May 2016, but it was not a considerable one and prices soon went up to the previous level
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