Introduction and summary to the Handbook of Trade Policy and WTO Accession for Development in Russia and the CIS

This paper is the introduction and summary chapter of the 43 chapter volume entitled Handbook of Trade Policy and WTO Accession for Development in Russia and the CIS. The key policy conclusions of each of the chapters are highlighted in this paper. The Handbook will be published only in Russian in 2005, but an English language version of the majority of the papers described here is available on the website www.worldbank.org/trade/russia-wto. This paper first explains the potential importance of World Trade Organization (WTO) accession as a development tool, and discusses the recent successful development models and the role of trade policy in their development. The paper then summarizes the three parts of the Handbook. The first part treats trade policy (with applications to Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States [CIS]). The second part treats World Trade Organization institutions and disciplines, again with Russia and CIS applications. And the third part focuses on various aspects of the impact of WTO accession on Russia. The numerous papers that relate trade policy and WTO accession to experience in Russia and the CIS are likely to be of special interest to native English speakers, since these papers are new to the literature. The papers in the Handbook are intended to be non-technical materials accessible to a wide policy audience. The Handbook forms the basis of a World Bank Institute course on trade policy and WTO accession, which has been delivered and will be delivered again on multiple occasions.TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Trade Policy,World Trade Organization

A new statistical model for subgrid dispersion in large eddy simulations of particle-laden flows

This article is published under a CC BY licence. The Version of Record is available online at: http.//dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/745/3/032115Dispersed multiphase turbulent flows are present in many industrial and commercial applications like internal combustion engines, turbofans, dispersion of contaminants, steam turbines, etc. Therefore, there is a clear interest in the development of models and numerical tools capable of performing detailed and reliable simulations about these kind of flows. Large Eddy Simulations offer good accuracy and reliable results together with reasonable computational requirements, making it a really interesting method to develop numerical tools for particle-laden turbulent flows. Nonetheless, in multiphase dispersed flows additional difficulties arises in LES, since the effect of the unresolved scales of the continuous phase over the dispersed phase is lost due to the filtering procedure. In order to solve this issue a model able to reconstruct the subgrid velocity seen by the particles is required. In this work a new model for the reconstruction of the subgrid scale effects over the dispersed phase is presented and assessed. This innovative methodology is based in the reconstruction of statistics via Probability Density Functions (PDFs).Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Three dimensionality in the wake of the flow around a circular cylinder at Reynolds number 5000

The turbulent flow around a circular cylinder has been investigated at Re=5000Re=5000 using direct numerical simulations. Low frequency behavior, vortex undulation, vortex splitting, vortex dislocations and three dimensional flow within the wake were found to happen at this flow regime. In order to successfully capture the wake three dimensionality, different span-wise lengths were considered. It was found that a length LZ=2pDLZ=2pD was enough to capture this behavior, correctly predicting different aspects of the flow such as drag coefficient, Strouhal number and pressure and velocity distributions when compared to experimental values. Two instability mechanisms were found to coexist in the present case study: a global type instability originating in the shear layer, which shows a characteristic frequency, and a convective type instability that seems to be constantly present in the near wake. Characteristics of both types of instabilities are identified and discussed in detail. As suggested by Norberg, a resonance-type effect takes place in the vortex formation region, as the coexistence of both instability mechanisms result in distorted vortex tubes. However, vortex coherence is never lost within the wake.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

On the properties of discrete spatial filters for CFD

© 2016. This version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/The spatial filtering of variables in the context of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a common practice. Most of the discrete filters used in CFD simulations are locally accurate models of continuous operators. However, when filters are adaptative, i.e. the filter width is not constant, or meshes are irregular, discrete filters sometimes break relevant global properties of the continuous models they are based on. For example, the principle of maxima and minima reduction or conservation are eventually infringed. In this paper, we analyze the properties of analytic continuous convolution filters and extract those we consider to define filtering. Then, we impose the accomplishment of these properties on explicit discrete filters by means of constraints. Three filters satisfying the derived conditions are deduced and compared to common differential discrete CFD filters on synthetic fields. Tests on the developed discrete filters show the fulfillment of the imposed properties. In particular, the problem of maxima and minima generation is resolved for physically relevant cases. The tests are conducted on the basis of the eigenvectors of graph Laplacian matrices of meshes. Thus, insight into the relations between filtering and oscillation growth on general meshes is provided. Further tests on singularity fields and on isentropic vortices have also been conducted to evaluate the performance of filters on basic CFD fields. Results confirm that imposing the proposed conditions makes discrete filters properties consistent with those of the continuous ones.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Bones activitats per a la transició entre primària i secundària

En aquest article proposem tres activitats que creiem que poden servir demodel de treball a l'aula per ajudar els alumnes en el seu aprenentatge de les matemàtiques durant la transició entre aquestes dues etapes de l'ensenyament obligatori. Aquestes activitats promouen la resolució de problemes, la cerca de patrons i regularitats i el treball sistemàtic com a valors fonamentals per a aprendre matemàtiques.In this article we suggest three activities that we believe could serve asamodel for mathematics classes for pupils making the transition between the two key stages of compulsory education. The activities promote problem solving, the recognition of patterns and order and systematicwork as the basis for learningmathematics

Bones activitats per a la transició entre primària i secundària

En aquest article proposem tres activitats que creiem que poden servir demodel de treball a l'aula per ajudar els alumnes en el seu aprenentatge de les matemàtiques durant la transició entre aquestes dues etapes de l'ensenyament obligatori. Aquestes activitats promouen la resolució de problemes, la cerca de patrons i regularitats i el treball sistemàtic com a valors fonamentals per a aprendre matemàtiques.In this article we suggest three activities that we believe could serve asamodel for mathematics classes for pupils making the transition between the two key stages of compulsory education. The activities promote problem solving, the recognition of patterns and order and systematicwork as the basis for learningmathematics

Thermo-mechanical parametric analysis of packed-bed thermocline energy storage tanks

© 2016. This version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/A packed-bed thermocline tank represents a proved cheaper thermal energy storage for concentrated solar power plants compared with the commonly-built two-tank system. However, its implementation has been stopped mainly due to the vessel’s thermal ratcheting concern, which would compromise its structural integrity. In order to have a better understanding of the commercial viability of thermocline approach, regarding energetic effectiveness and structural reliability, a new numerical simulation platform has been developed. The model dynamically solves and couples all the significant components of the subsystem, being able to evaluate its thermal and mechanical response over plant normal operation. The filler material is considered as a cohesionless bulk solid with thermal expansion. For the stresses on the tank wall the general thermoelastic theory is used. First, the numerical model is validated with the Solar One thermocline case, and then a parametric analysis is carried out by settling this storage technology in two real plants with a temperature rise of 100 °C and 275 °C. The numerical results show a better storage performance together with the lowest temperature difference, but both options achieve suitable structural factors of safety with a proper design.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

On the extension of LES methods from incompressible to compressible turbulent flows with application to turbulent channel flow

Published under licence in Journal of Physics: Conference Series by IOP Publishing Ltd. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.The objective of the present work is to validate the compressible Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) models implemented in the in house parallel unstructured CFD code TermoFluids. Our research team has implemented and tested several LES models over the past years for the incompressible regimen. In order to be able to solve complex turbulent compressible flows, the models are revisited and modified if necessary. In addition, the performance of the implemented hybrid advection scheme is an issue of interest for the numerical simulation of turbulent compressible flows. The models are tested in the well known turbulent channel flow problem at different compressible regimens.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version