A system to evaluate the performance of hydraulic nozzles used in stored grain preotection trials

A tecnologia de aplicação na proteção de grãos armazenados é de fundamental importância para melhorar a uniformidade de distribuição dos agrotóxicos na massa de grãos. Foi desenvolvido um sistema para avaliar o desempenho de bico hidráulico utilizado em experimentos de proteção de grãos de milho e trigo armazenados. Para determinar a distribuição volumétrica transversal e o espectro de gotas do bico hidráulico modelo TJ-60 8002EVS, utilizou-se calda inseticida como líquido teste. Um sistema móvel de aplicação foi construído para aplicar uma taxa equivalente a 5 L t-1 e obter uma concentração teórica de 10 e 0,5 mg kg-1 de fenitrotion e esfenvalerato, respectivamente. Os grãos foram espalhados em fina camada para o tratamento. Lâminas de vidro foram colocadas sobre a massa de grãos para certificar a aplicação da dose pretendida. Os depósitos em ambas matrizes foram analisados por técnica de cromatografia gasosa. O depósito de fenitrotion foi superior ao do esfenvalerato e o depósito nos grãos de trigo foi superior a do milho. Nas lâminas de vidro os depósitos atingiram valores de 100 e 93% da concentração teórica pretendida de fenitrotion e esfenvalerato, respectivamente. Nos grãos os depósitos foram inferiores aos das lâminas de vidro, com valores de 64 e 52% da concentração teórica pretendida de fenitrotion e esfenvalerato, respectivamente. Foi comprovada a eficiência do método de avaliação no desempenho de bicos quando utilizada a calda inseticida como líquido teste. Os fatores que influenciaram o depósito dos inseticidas nas lâminas de vidro e nos grãos são discutidos no trabalho.We developed a system to evaluate the performance of hydraulic nozzles used in stored corn and wheat grain protection experiments. An insecticidal mix was used as test fluid to determine the transversal volumetric distribution and droplets spectrum of a model TJ-60 8002EVS hydraulic nozzle. A mobile application system was built to apply a rate equivalent to 5 L t-1 and obtain theoretical concentrations of 10 and 0.5 mg kg-1 of fenitrothion and esfenvalerate, respectively. The corn and wheat grains were spread out as a fine layer. Three glass slides (0.1 &times; 0.05 m) were placed on the top surface of the grains to ensure that the intended application rate was achieved. After treatment, the deposits on both matrices were analyzed by gas chromatography. The fenitrothion deposit was higher than esfenvalerate, and the deposit on wheat was higher than on corn grains (P < 0.05). The deposits on the glass slides reached values of 100 and 93% of the intended theoretical fenitrothion and esfenvalerate concentrations, respectively. Deposits on the grains were lower than on the glass slides, with values of 64 and 52% of the intended theoretical fenitrothion and esfenvalerate concentrations, respectively. The results obtained demonstrate a high effectiveness of the method for evaluation of the performance of hydraulic nozzles when an insecticidal mix is used as test fluid. The factors that influenced insecticide deposition on glass slides and on grains are discussed in the present work

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure &lt;= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Resíduos de acefato e metamidofós em tomate em cultivo protegido e em campo

O aumento da produção hortícola em cultivo protegido necessita de estudos mais detalhados acerca da ocorrência de resíduos de agrotóxicos, devido às condições ambientais peculiares nesse sistema, no qual pragas de pouca importância no campo assumem relevância. Avaliou-se os resíduos dos inseticidas acefato e de seu metabólito metamidofós em tomate sob cultivo protegido e em campo. Os tratamentos aplicados foram: (a) testemunha; (b) uma aplicação de 75 g i.a. acefato.100 L-1 de água; (c) uma aplicação com 150 g i.a.100 L-1 de água; (d) quatro aplicações na dosagem de 75 g i.a.100 L-1 de água. As amostras foram tomadas a (-1), zero, 1, 3, 7, 14 e 21 dias após a última ou única aplicação. A determinação quantitativa foi feita por técnica de cromatografia em fase gasosa, usando-se detector fotométrico de chama. Os resíduos de acefato e de metamidofós nos frutos de cultivo protegido e de campo, sempre estiveram abaixo dos respectivos limites máximos de resíduos (LMRs) em todo o período de colheita das amostras. Ainda, o metabolismo de acefato a metamidofós foi muito baixo nos frutos, particularmente importante nas folhas, mas não foi bem caracterizado no solo. Os resíduos de acefato foram maiores no cultivo protegido do que no campo, especialmente em folhas e no solo, sendo também estáveis e persistentes, em geral até a amostragem de 7 dias após a aplicação.Increasing horticultural production under protected cultivation requires more detailed studies about the occurence of pesticide residues, due to the special and peculiar environment under controlled conditions, in which some pests, that are of little concern in the field, become important. The insecticide acephate and its methamidophos metabolite residues were evaluated in greenhouse-grown tomatoes and compared to an open-field tomato crop. The treatments: (a) check; (b) one application of 75 g a.i. acephate.100 L-1 water; (c) one application of 150 g a.i.100 L-1 water; (d) four applications of 75 g a.i.100 L-1 water were evaluated. Fruit, leaf and soil samples were taken at (-1), zero, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 days after the last or only application. The quantitative determinations were done by gas chromatography, using flame-photometric detector. The acephate and methamidophos residues in fruits harvested in the greenhouse and in the field were always below their respective maximum residue levels (MRL) during the whole sampling period. The metabolism of acephate into methamidophos was very low in fruits, especially important in leaves, but not well characterized in soil. Acephate residues were higher in the greenhouse than in the field, especially in leaves and soil, showing stability and persistence up to the 7-day-sampling after application

Analgesia preemptiva em odontologia - revisão de literatura.

Preemptive analgesia is a type of antinoceptive therapy which aims preventing both central and peripheral sensitizations, decreasing (or preferentially preventing) post-operative amplification of pain. This study had as main objective to carry out a literature review associated with the theme, seeking to identify the effectiveness of the technique and additionally to propose a pharmacological protocol with rational use of medicinal products available on the Brazilian market. The review of literature is clear regarding the safety and efficacy of the technique, however, there is no consensus on the arrangements to be standardized. It seems to be hopeful the association of analgesics with peripheral action with oral corticosteroids.A analgesia preemptiva é uma terapia antinoceptiva que objetiva prevenir ambas as sensibilizações centrais e periféricas, diminuindo (ou preferencialmente prevenindo) a amplificação da dor pós-operatória. Este trabalho teve por finalidade principal realizar uma revisão de literatura associada ao tema, buscando identificar a eficácia da técnica de analgesia preemptiva no controle da dor pós-operatória, com a intenção de propor um protocolo farmacológico de atendimento com uso racional de medicamentos disponíveis no mercado nacional. A revisão da literatura é clara no que tange a segurança e eficácia da técnica, entretanto, não há consenso sobre qual o regime a ser padronizado. A associação de analgésicos de ação periférica com corticosteróides por via oral tem sido proposta como uma alternativa eficaz para analgesia pré-emptiva

ANALGESIA PREEMPTIVA EM ODONTOLOGIA – REVISÃO DE LITERATURA doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5892/RUVRV.91.3851

A analgesia preemptiva é uma terapia antinoceptiva que objetiva prevenir ambas as sensibilizações centrais e periféricas, diminuindo (ou preferencialmente prevenindo) a amplificação da dor pós-operatória.   Este trabalho teve por finalidade principal realizar uma revisão de literatura associada ao tema, buscando identificar a eficácia da técnica de analgesia preemptiva no controle da dor pós-operatória, com a intenção de propor um protocolo farmacológico de atendimento com uso racional de medicamentos disponíveis no mercado nacional. A revisão da literatura é clara no que tange a segurança e eficácia da técnica, entretanto, não há consenso sobre qual o regime a ser padronizado. A associação de analgésicos de ação periférica com corticosteróides por via oral tem sido proposta como uma alternativa eficaz para analgesia pré-emptiv

Effectiveness of the standard evaluation method for hydraulic nozzles employed in stored grain protection trials

In stored grains, smaller depositions and great variation with respect to theoretical insecticide doses are frequently found. The objective of this work was to study the effectiveness of the standard method (ISO 5682/1-1996) employed to evaluate hydraulic nozzles used in stored corn and wheat grain protection experiments. The transversal volumetric distribution and droplet spectrum of a model TJ-60 8002EVS nozzle were determined in order to calibrate a spraying system for an application rate of 5 L/t and to obtain theoretical concentrations of 10 and 0.5 mg/kg of fenitrothion and esfenvalerate, respectively. After treatment, the corn and wheat grains were processed and deposition was analyzed by gas chromatography. The type of grain did not have any influence on insecticide deposition and was dependent upon insecticide only. The insecticide deposits on the grains only reached 42.1 and 38.2% of the intended theoretical values for fenitrothion and esfenvalerate concentrations, respectively. These results demonstrate the ineffectiveness of the standard evaluation method for hydraulic nozzles employed in stored grain protection experiments