Finding the optimum activation energy in DNA breathing dynamics: A Simulated Annealing approach

We demonstrate how the stochastic global optimization scheme of Simulated Annealing can be used to evaluate optimum parameters in the problem of DNA breathing dynamics. The breathing dynamics is followed in accordance with the stochastic Gillespie scheme with the denaturation zones in double stranded DNA studied as a single molecule time series. Simulated Annealing is used to find the optimum value of the activation energy for which the equilibrium bubble size distribution matches with a given value. It is demonstrated that the method overcomes even large noise in the input surrogate data.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, iop article package include

Local simulation of singlet statistics for restricted set of measurement

The essence of Bell's theorem is that, in general, quantum statistics cannot be reproduced by local hidden variable (LHV) model. This impossibility is strongly manifested while analyzing the singlet state statistics for Bell-CHSH violations. In this work, we provide various subsets of two outcome POVMs for which a local hidden variable model can be constructed for singlet state.Comment: 2 column, 5 pages, 4 figures, new references, abstract modified, accepted in JP

Patents as Incomplete Contracts: Aligning Incentives for R&D Investment with Incentives to Disclose Prior Art

In this Article we propose that viewing patents as incomplete contracts is a useful means to analyze the relationship between legal institutions of patent enforcement and investment in R&D

Jednostavna teorijska analiza kapacitancije magnetskih vrata u MOS strukturi p-kanalnog inverzijskog sloja na teluru

An attempt is made to study the gate capacitance of MOS structure of p-channel inversion layers on tellurium in the presence of a quantizing magnetic field by considering all types of anisotropies of the valence bands of tellurium within the framework of k^→ · p^→ theory. We have derived an analytical expression of the surface electron concentration in low electric field limit in the presence of a quantizing magnetic field. We have then formulated a model expression of the magneto-gate capacitance with the proper use of the electron concentration. For the purpose of relative comparison, we have also derived the same capacitance by including the broadening effects and without any approximations of low or high electric field limits. It has been observed that the gate capacitance of p-channel inversion layers on tellurium exhibits spiky oscillations with changing magnetic field. The corresponding well-known results for p-channel inversion layers on parabolic energy bands have also been obtained under certain limiting conditions from the generalized expressions.Proučavaju se kapacitancija vrata MOS strukture p–kanalnih inverzijskih slojeva na teluru u magnetskom polju na osnovi k^→ · p^→ teorije. Pokazuje se da kapacitancija vrata mijenja periodički s rastućim magnetskim poljem. Dobiveni rezultati svode se u modelu paraboličkih vrpci, uz određene uvjete, na poznate izraze

The El Gordo galaxy cluster challenges {\Lambda}CDM for any plausible collision velocity

El Gordo (ACT-CL J0102-4915) is an extraordinarily large and bright galaxy cluster collision. In a previous study, we found that El Gordo is in $6.2\sigma$ tension with the $\Lambda$CDM standard model when assuming the nominal mass and infall velocity values from the hydrodynamical simulations of Zhang et al. ($M_{200} = 3.2 \times 10^{15} M_{\odot}$ and $V_{\textrm{infall}} = 2500~\textrm{km~s}^{-1}$, respectively). The recent weak lensing study of Kim et al. showed that the mass of El Gordo is actually $2.13^{+0.25}_{-0.23} \times 10^{15} M_{\odot}$. Here we explore the level of tension between El Gordo and $\Lambda$CDM for the new mass estimate, assuming several $V_{\textrm{infall}}$ values. We find that in order to reduce the tension below the $5\sigma$ level, the El Gordo subclusters should have $V_{\textrm{infall}} < 2300~\textrm{km~s}^{-1}$ ($V_{\textrm{infall}} < 1800~\textrm{km~s}^{-1}$ when considering the combined tension with the Bullet Cluster). To the best of our knowledge, the El Gordo hydrodynamical simulations conducted so far require $V_{\textrm{infall}} \geq 2500~\textrm{km~s}^{-1}$ to simultaneously reproduce its morphology and its high X-ray luminosity and temperature. We therefore conclude that El Gordo still poses a significant challenge to $\Lambda$CDM cosmology. Whether the properties of El Gordo can be reconciled with a lower $V_{\textrm{infall}}$ should be tested with new hydrodynamical simulations that explore different configurations of the interaction.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal in this for

Jednostavna teorijska analiza kapacitancije magnetskih vrata u MOS strukturi p-kanalnog inverzijskog sloja na teluru

An attempt is made to study the gate capacitance of MOS structure of p-channel inversion layers on tellurium in the presence of a quantizing magnetic field by considering all types of anisotropies of the valence bands of tellurium within the framework of k^→ · p^→ theory. We have derived an analytical expression of the surface electron concentration in low electric field limit in the presence of a quantizing magnetic field. We have then formulated a model expression of the magneto-gate capacitance with the proper use of the electron concentration. For the purpose of relative comparison, we have also derived the same capacitance by including the broadening effects and without any approximations of low or high electric field limits. It has been observed that the gate capacitance of p-channel inversion layers on tellurium exhibits spiky oscillations with changing magnetic field. The corresponding well-known results for p-channel inversion layers on parabolic energy bands have also been obtained under certain limiting conditions from the generalized expressions.Proučavaju se kapacitancija vrata MOS strukture p–kanalnih inverzijskih slojeva na teluru u magnetskom polju na osnovi k^→ · p^→ teorije. Pokazuje se da kapacitancija vrata mijenja periodički s rastućim magnetskim poljem. Dobiveni rezultati svode se u modelu paraboličkih vrpci, uz određene uvjete, na poznate izraze

Constraining the mass density of free-floating black holes using razor-thin lensing arcs

Strong lensing of active galactic nuclei in the radio can result in razor-thin arcs, with a thickness of less than a milli-arcsecond, if observed at the resolution achievable with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). Such razor-thin arcs provide a unique window on the coarseness of the matter distribution between source and observer. In this paper, we investigate to what extent such razor-thin arcs can constrain the number density and mass function of `free-floating' black holes, defined as black holes that do not, or no longer, reside at the centre of a galaxy. These can be either primordial in origin or arise as by-products of the evolution of super-massive black holes in galactic nuclei. When sufficiently close to the line of sight, free-floating black holes cause kink-like distortions in the arcs, which are detectable by eye in the VLBI images as long as the black hole mass exceeds $\sim 1000$ Solar masses. Using a crude estimate for the detectability of such distortions, we analytically compute constraints on the matter density of free-floating black holes resulting from null-detections of distortions along a realistic, fiducial arc, and find them to be comparable to those from quasar milli-lensing. We also use predictions from a large hydrodynamical simulation for the demographics of free-floating black holes that are not primordial in origin, and show that their predicted mass density is roughly four orders of magnitude below the constraints achievable with a single razor-thin arc.Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, 1 table, comments welcom