The Spaces We Make

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Love Motivates All Things: An Analysis of Peter Banholzer\u27s 2013 Production of A View from the Bridge

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Eagle Mountain Observatory: Eagle Mountain, Minnesota

Our contemporary understanding of the universe has become a rational and systematic science, separating man as a casual onlooker in the scheme. Ancient man on the other hand, believed the universe to be a delicate balance of earth, sky, and man. The blending of these three elements lends a richness that is absent in our modem interpretation..

LIGNIN MAXIMIZATION: ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT FEEDSTOCKS AND FEEDSTOCK RATIOS USING ORGANOSOLV FRACTIONATION

Over-exploitation of fossil fuels coupled with increasing pressure to reduce carbon emissions are prompting a transition from conventional petrochemical feedstocks to sustainable and renewable sourced carbon. The use of lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for integrated biorefining is of current high interest, as separation into its component parts affords process streams of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, each of which can serve as a starting point for the production of biobased chemicals and fuels. Given the large number of potential sources of lignocellulosic feedstocks, the biorefinery will need to adapt to the supplies available over a normal growing season. Of particular importance is the lignin fraction, as its conversion to chemicals and materials to allow economic viability of the operation. Previous work has demonstrated that organosolv fractionation effectively separates lignocellulosic biomass into its component parts. In this project, we investigated the use of organosolv technology for separating mixtures of lignocellulosic feedstocks to isolate pure lignin. Mixtures of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), southern yellow pine (Pinus taeda L.), and hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) were separated using organosolv fractionation. Experiments were performed by heating the feedstock mixtures at 150oC in a 3.5 L flow-through reactor with a ternary, one-phase solvent mixture of methyl isobutylketone (MIBK), ethanol (EtOH) and water (H2O) in a wt% ratio of 16/34/50, and containing sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The impact of different process variables was examined by experimental design (‘Design of Experiments’) to minimize the number of experimental runs using a balanced approach in the response surface to maximize inference. The process variables included two different runtimes (60, 120 min), two different sulfuric acid levels (0.05, 0.15 M), and four different wt% feedstock ratios for switchgrass/pine/poplar ([10/10/80], [10/80/10], [80/10/10], [33/33/33]). After completion of the initial experimental matrix, four additional center-points were carried out using a 90 min runtime, and 0.1 M acid level to validate the results for each of the four feedstock ratios. The dependent factors were lignin yield, lignin purity, and cellulose purity. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the impact of the process variables and to determine optimization settings for the process

Chemical vapor deposited silica coatings for solar mirror protection

A variety of techniques is available to apply protective coatings to oxidation susceptible spacecraft components, and each has associated advantages and disadvantages. Film applications by means of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has the advantage of being able to be applied conformally to objects of irregular shape. For this reason, a study was made of the oxygen plasma durability of thin film (less than 5000 A) silicon dioxide coatings applied by CVD. In these experiments, such coatings were applied to silver mirrors, which are strongly subject to oxidation, and which are proposed for use on the space station solar dynamic power system. Results indicate that such coatings can provide adequate protection without affecting the reflectance of the mirror. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that oxidation of the silver layer did occur at stress crack locations, but this did not affect the measured solar reflectances. Oxidation of the silver did not proceed beyond the immediate location of the crack. Such stress cracks did not occur in thinner silica flims, and hence such films would be desirable for this application

San Francisco Housing

Recent studies and statistics provided by the 1980 Census indicate a significant and increasing percentage of people in the United States now living as members of non-traditional, professional households. The economic and social conditions which have produced this trend also suggest changes in the form of housing that we build..

Why the French said 'non': a new perspective on the Hoover Moratorium of June 1931

Why did the French government delay its endorsement of the Hoover Moratorium in the summer of 1931? Key policymakers were fully aware that their stance would exacerbate the German financial crisis, which ultimately dragged the European economy into the abyss. Most historical accounts identify the plan for an Austro-German customs union, which became known publicly in March 1931, as a major cause for the French ‘non’. We suggest a different chronology by showing that the French government was reluctant to help Germany as early as the fall of 1930 when, in the wake of the Nazi victory in the Reichstag elections, a currency crisis threatened to ruin the German monetary and financial system and bring down the government. We also argue that the reason for this French reluctance to extend financial help to Germany was the traumatic experience resulting from the evacuation of the Rhineland in June 1930. This chauvinistic outburst in Germany not only frightened the French public, but also made it clear to French politicians how the lack of military cooperation with the Anglo-Saxon powers had made France highly vulnerable on its Eastern front. After June 1930 a financial bargain with Germany became unrealistic, due to domestic opposition

The misty crystal ball: Efficient concealment of privacy-sensitive attributes in predictive analytics

Individuals are becoming increasingly concerned with privacy. This curtails their willingness to share sensitive attributes like age, gender or personal preferences; yet firms largely rely upon customer data in any type of predictive analytics. Hence, organizations are confronted with a dilemma in which they need to make a tradeoff between a sparse use of data and the utility from better predictive analytics. This paper proposes a masking mechanism that obscures sensitive attributes while maintaining a large degree of predictive power. More precisely, we efficiently identify data partitions that are best suited for (i) shuffling, (ii) swapping and, as a form of randomization, (iii) perturbing attributes by conditional replacement. By operating on data partitions that are derived from a predictive algorithm, we achieve the objective of masking privacy-sensitive attributes with marginal downsides for predictive modeling. The resulting trade-off between masking and predictive utility is empirically evaluated in the context of customer churn where, for instance, a stratified shuffling of attribute values impedes predictive accuracy rarely by more than a percentage point. Our proposed framework entails direct managerial implications as a growing share of firms adopts predictive analytics and thus requires mechanisms that better adhere to user demands for information privacy