Unleashing the potential of prompt engineering in Large Language Models: a comprehensive review

This paper delves into the pivotal role of prompt engineering in unleashing the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Prompt engineering is the process of structuring input text for LLMs and is a technique integral to optimizing the efficacy of LLMs. This survey elucidates foundational principles of prompt engineering, such as role-prompting, one-shot, and few-shot prompting, as well as more advanced methodologies such as the chain-of-thought and tree-of-thoughts prompting. The paper sheds light on how external assistance in the form of plugins can assist in this task, and reduce machine hallucination by retrieving external knowledge. We subsequently delineate prospective directions in prompt engineering research, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of structures and the role of agents in Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content (AIGC) tools. We discuss how to assess the efficacy of prompt methods from different perspectives and using different methods. Finally, we gather information about the application of prompt engineering in such fields as education and programming, showing its transformative potential. This comprehensive survey aims to serve as a friendly guide for anyone venturing through the big world of LLMs and prompt engineering

From attention to profit: quantitative trading strategy based on transformer

In traditional quantitative trading practice, navigating the complicated and dynamic financial market presents a persistent challenge. Former machine learning approaches have struggled to fully capture various market variables, often ignore long-term information and fail to catch up with essential signals that may lead the profit. This paper introduces an enhanced transformer architecture and designs a novel factor based on the model. By transfer learning from sentiment analysis, the proposed model not only exploits its original inherent advantages in capturing long-range dependencies and modelling complex data relationships but is also able to solve tasks with numerical inputs and accurately forecast future returns over a period. This work collects more than 5,000,000 rolling data of 4,601 stocks in the Chinese capital market from 2010 to 2019. The results of this study demonstrated the model's superior performance in predicting stock trends compared with other 100 factor-based quantitative strategies with lower turnover rates and a more robust half-life period. Notably, the model's innovative use transformer to establish factors, in conjunction with market sentiment information, has been shown to enhance the accuracy of trading signals significantly, thereby offering promising implications for the future of quantitative trading strategies

Structural transitions in alumina nanoparticles by heat treatment

γ-alumina nanoparticles were annealed sequentially at 800°C, 950°C and 1100°C and structural transitions as a function of heat treatment were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and 27Al Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS-NMR) methods.. XRD studies found that γ-Al2O3 is stable upto a temperature of at least 950°C and transforms to the thermodynamically stable α-phase after annealing at 1100°C. MAS-NMR revealed that γ-alumina contains AlO4 and AlO6 structural units in the ratio 1: 2, while α-phase contains only AlO6 units. DSC confirmed that γ → α transition initiates at 1060°C

Structural characterization of PbO–B2O3–SiO2 glasses

The effects of silica on the density, boron–oxygen speciation and thermal properties of glasses from the system: PbO–B2O3–SiO2 (PbO concentration: 30, 40, 50 and 60 mol% and silica concentration: 5, 10, 20 and 30 mol%) was studied by 11 B MAS NMR and DSC techniques. The incorporation of silica in the borate network steadily increases glass density, decreases the glass transition temperature and increases the thermal stability of glasses against crystallization. SiO2 at low concentrations of up to 20 mol% increases the three dimensional network connectivity by promoting the conversion of BO3 into [BO4]– units, however at higher silica contents of 30 mol%, the formation of [BO4]– was suppressed and nonbridging oxygens were rapidly generated in SiO4 and BO3 units. The average number of NBOs per BO3 unit increases with silica concentration and this was indicated in the NMR spectra of glass series with 60 mol% PbO which exhibited a shift in the centre of gravity of the BO3resonance peak towards more positive ppm values (de-shielding) at a silica concentration of 30 mol%. DSC studies indicated phase separation in the glasses which suggested that the mixing of Pb2+ ions, BO3, [BO4]– and SiO4 units was not completely random

Outcomes of elective liver surgery worldwide: a global, prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study

Background: The outcomes of liver surgery worldwide remain unknown. The true population-based outcomes are likely different to those vastly reported that reflect the activity of highly specialized academic centers. The aim of this study was to measure the true worldwide practice of liver surgery and associated outcomes by recruiting from centers across the globe. The geographic distribution of liver surgery activity and complexity was also evaluated to further understand variations in outcomes. Methods: LiverGroup.org was an international, prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study following the Global Surgery Collaborative Snapshot Research approach with a 3-month prospective, consecutive patient enrollment within January–December 2019. Each patient was followed up for 90 days postoperatively. All patients undergoing liver surgery at their respective centers were eligible for study inclusion. Basic demographics, patient and operation characteristics were collected. Morbidity was recorded according to the Clavien–Dindo Classification of Surgical Complications. Country-based and hospital-based data were collected, including the Human Development Index (HDI). (NCT03768141). Results: A total of 2159 patients were included from six continents. Surgery was performed for cancer in 1785 (83%) patients. Of all patients, 912 (42%) experienced a postoperative complication of any severity, while the major complication rate was 16% (341/2159). The overall 90-day mortality rate after liver surgery was 3.8% (82/2,159). The overall failure to rescue rate was 11% (82/ 722) ranging from 5 to 35% among the higher and lower HDI groups, respectively. Conclusions: This is the first to our knowledge global surgery study specifically designed and conducted for specialized liver surgery. The authors identified failure to rescue as a significant potentially modifiable factor for mortality after liver surgery, mostly related to lower Human Development Index countries. Members of the LiverGroup.org network could now work together to develop quality improvement collaboratives

Structural similarity on multiple length scales and its relation to devitrification mechanism: a solid-state NMR study of alkali diborate glasses and crystals

The nature of the devitrification process is a fundamental problem in glass science and governs the ultimate stability of glass. It is hypothesized that the devitrification mechanism of a given glass composition is strongly correlated with the extent of structural similarity at the intermediate-range level between the glass and crystal phase to which it transforms. However, relatively little information is available until now to test this hypothesis because of the lack of long-range periodicity in glass and the absence of effective analysis methods. In this work Li2O-2B2O3 (L2B) and Na2O-2B2O3 (N2B) glasses, which respectively exhibit homogeneous (internal) and heterogeneous (surface) devitrification mechanisms, and plus corresponding crystals from same batches were prepared and comprehensively studied by using multiple solid state NMR techniques. Of those, 11B MAS and MQMAS experiments were applied to reveal short-range order information; 7Li and 23Na spin-echo decay and 11B{6Li} and 11B{23Na} rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) experiments were used to determine homonuclear and heteronuclear interactions that can reflect the intermediate-range order. It was found that the local bonding environments of the L2B crystal and glass are quite similar, while there are significant differences in the N2B system. Moreover, the experimental results indicated that the second moment (M2) values of both homo- and heterodipolar interactions measured for the L2B glass are very close to those of its isochemical crystal, in contrast, the M2 values for N2B glass differ significantly from those of its crystal phase. These observations indicate the existence of a strong correlation between structural similarity at both the short and intermediate length scale, and nucleation mechanis

Synthesis and Properties of New Multinary Silicides R₅Mg₅Fe₄Al_<i>x</i>Si_{18–<i>x</i>} (R = Gd, Dy, Y, <i>x</i> ≈ 12) Grown in Mg/Al Flux

Reactions of iron, silicon, and R = Gd, Dy, or Y in 1:1 Mg/Al mixed flux produce well-formed crystals of R₅Mg₅Fe₄Al_<i>x</i>Si_{18–<i>x</i>} (<i>x</i> ≈ 12). These phases have a new structure type in tetragonal space group <i>P</i>4<i>/mmm</i> (<i>a</i> = 11.655(2) Å, <i>c</i> = 4.0668(8) Å, <i>Z</i> = 1 and <i>R</i>₁ = 0.0155 for the Dy analogue). The structure features two rare earth sites and one iron site; the latter is in monocapped trigonal prismatic coordination surrounded by silicon and aluminum atoms. Siting of Al and Si was investigated using bond length analysis and ²⁷Al and ²⁹Si MAS NMR studies. The magnetic properties are determined by the R elements, with the Gd and Dy analogues exhibiting antiferromagnetic ordering at <i>T</i>_N = 11.9 and 6.9 K respectively; both phases exhibit complex metamagnetic behavior with varying field