787 research outputs found
Epidemic Spreading with External Agents
We study epidemic spreading processes in large networks, when the spread is
assisted by a small number of external agents: infection sources with bounded
spreading power, but whose movement is unrestricted vis-\`a-vis the underlying
network topology. For networks which are `spatially constrained', we show that
the spread of infection can be significantly speeded up even by a few such
external agents infecting randomly. Moreover, for general networks, we derive
upper-bounds on the order of the spreading time achieved by certain simple
(random/greedy) external-spreading policies. Conversely, for certain common
classes of networks such as line graphs, grids and random geometric graphs, we
also derive lower bounds on the order of the spreading time over all
(potentially network-state aware and adversarial) external-spreading policies;
these adversarial lower bounds match (up to logarithmic factors) the spreading
time achieved by an external agent with a random spreading policy. This
demonstrates that random, state-oblivious infection-spreading by an external
agent is in fact order-wise optimal for spreading in such spatially constrained
networks
Vulnerability of the mosquito larvae to the guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in the presence of alternative preys
Background & objectives: The predatory potential of the larvivorous fishes can be affected by the presence of alternative preys. In the present study the predation pattern of the sewage dwelling Poecilia reticulata (Peters 1872) on the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) was evaluated in the presence of alternative preys. Methods: The predation of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae by different size groups of P. reticulata fishes was evaluated. In addition to this, the niche breadth (N) and diet breadth (B) were measured following Manly’s selectivity index (Si) as an indicator of variation of such predation pattern in the presence of alternative prey types, like chironomid larvae and tubificid worms.Results: The consumption of IV instar Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae by individual P. reticulata ranged between 65 and 84 in a 3 h feeding period and varied with the size of fish (F2, 33 = 34.91; p<0.001). The selectivity coefficient revealed a significantly low preference for the Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae (0.16, CL: 0.05 – 0.27; p< 0.05) compared to the chironomid larvae and tubificid worms, when all the three prey types were present. The niche breadth (N) and diet breadth (B) ranged from 0.77 to 0.92 and 0.69 to 0.93, respectively. The total consumption of all the prey types varied with the predator density, but the selectivity index for the mosquito larvae was significantly low in all the instances.Interpretation & conclusion: P. reticulata can consume a good number of mosquito larvae, with the consumption rate varying with the body size. P. reticulata fishes exhibit low preference for mosquito larvae as prey in the presence of alternative controphic preys like chironomid larvae and tubificid worms. Though establishment and sustenance of P. reticulata in new habitats will be favoured by the presence of alternative preys, but vulnerability of mosquito larvae may be reduced with availability of multiple preys in natural conditions
Emergence of Biaxiality in Nematic Liquid Crystals with Magnetic Inclusions: Some Theoretical Insights
The biaxial phase in nematic liquid crystals has been elusive for several
decades after its prediction in the 1970s. A recent experimental breakthrough
was achieved by Liu et al. [PNAS 113, 10479 (2016)] in a liquid crystalline
medium with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). They exploited the different length
scales of dipolar and magneto-nematic interactions to obtain an equilibrium
state where the magnetic moments are at an angle to the nematic director. This
tilt introduces a second distinguished direction for orientational ordering or
biaxiality in the two-component system. Using coarse-grained Ginzburg-Landau
free energy models for the nematic and magnetic fields, we provide a
theoretical framework which allows for the manipulation of morphologies and
quantitative estimates of biaxial order
Correspondence of butterfly and host plant diversity: Foundation for habitat restoration and conservation
At a spatial scale, the diversity of butterflies varies with numerous factors including the availability of the host plant species. In parity with this proposition, the correspondence of diversity of butterfly and plant in the background of the urban–rural gradient was evaluated using Kolkata, India, as a model study area. The results reveal significant positive correlation between the diversity of butterflies and the plants, with the different values for the suburban, rural, and urban areas. Identification of the butterfly loads for the plants in the respective areas can be useful in enhancing the conservation of the butterflies through enhanced plantation of the concerned plant species. Alternatively, the disclosure of the generalist and specialist pattern of the plant species preference by the butterflies may be useful in enhancing the population of the respective species in the concerned areas. The conservation strategy for butterfly species may be refined through the use of both or any one of the quantitative assessment of the butterfly–plant links in the urban–rural gradient in Kolkata, India, and similar places in the world
Effect of chronic kidney disease on serum resistin level
Background: Chronic Kidney Diseases (CKD) of all etiologies are usually associated with Insulin Resistance (IR). Resistin is also a protein associated with IR. Some studies conducted abroad have shown that resistin level is higher among CKD patients.Objective: To test if serum resistin level is significantly higher in CKD patients compared to normal individuals.Patients and Methods: 96 CKD patients and 97 normal individuals were included in the study. Written informed consent was obtained from every individual.Results: Serum resistin level was higher in CKD patients compared to control subjects. The difference in serum resistin level between two groups was statistically significant.Conclusion: Our study is probably the first study in India comparing serum resistin levels of CKD patients vis-à -vis control subjects. Further cellular research may be needed to explore this relation.Key words: Chronic kidney disease, HOMA-IR, insulin resistance, resisti
A randomized controlled open label comparative clinical study of cephalexin versus doxycycline in patients with acne vulgaris in a hospital based population of South India
Background: Oral antibiotics are frequently used for acne vulgaris. Cephalexin has documented some success against acne vulgaris in earlier studies. Here the efficacy and safety of Cephalexin have been compared against the standard therapy of Doxycyline.Methods: From September 2010 to June 2011, 100 patients of moderate Acne vulgaris were randomized into two groups to receive oral Doxycyline (100mg once daily) or Cephalexin (500mg thrice daily) in an open label manner for eight weeks. All participants were allowed to use topical 5%Benzoyl peroxide gel twice daily. Efficacy was measured in terms of reduction in the number of facial comedones and inflammatory lesions from baseline after eight weeks.Results: 44 patients from Cephalexin group and48 patients from Doxycyline group completed the study. Both drugs have significantly decreased comedone count as well as the inflammatory lesion count after eight weeks. However, Doxycycline appeared better in terms of Comedone count (14.5±3.07 versus 12.9±4.31, p=0.045) as well as inflammatory lesion count (8.64.1±2.14 versus 7.67±2.46, p=0.047) at the end. The total adverse event was slightly more with Cephalexin (6.81% versus 6.25%, p= 0.912), where Diarrhoea remained the commonest adverse effect (4.54%).Conclusions: Although for the first time oral Cephalexin has displayed efficacy against moderate acne vulgaris in a prospective clinical study, it appeared inferior to Doxycycline over eight weeks. Therefore, it becomes an option only when other oral antibiotics are contraindicated or not tolerated
Relevance in the Renormalization Group and in Information Theory
The analysis of complex physical systems hinges on the ability to extract the
relevant degrees of freedom from among the many others. Though much hope is
placed in machine learning, it also brings challenges, chief of which is
interpretability. It is often unclear what relation, if any, the architecture-
and training-dependent learned "relevant" features bear to standard objects of
physical theory. Here we report on theoretical results which may help to
systematically address this issue: we establish equivalence between the
information-theoretic notion of relevance defined in the Information Bottleneck
(IB) formalism of compression theory, and the field-theoretic relevance of the
Renormalization Group. We show analytically that for statistical physical
systems described by a field theory the "relevant" degrees of freedom found
using IB compression indeed correspond to operators with the lowest scaling
dimensions. We confirm our field theoretic predictions numerically. We study
dependence of the IB solutions on the physical symmetries of the data. Our
findings provide a dictionary connecting two distinct theoretical toolboxes,
and an example of constructively incorporating physical interpretability in
applications of deep learning in physics
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