Well–defined polyesters for applications in life science

This work of thesis describes the preparation of polyester-based materials of interest for applications in biomedical field. Starting from the polymerization design, varied catalytic systems and monomers were selected to access novel materials. Representing a healthier alternative to heavy metal complexes often employed in industry, strontium isopropoxide was employed for the first time as a catalyst for the polymerization of L–lactide and a selection of lactones, proving a high activity and an excellent molar mass already at room temperature. The selection of suitable catalysts was furthermore complemented with the development of copolymers with the same Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Balance (HHB) of poly(lactic acid) or poly(caprolactone). As a result, new polyesters with similar molar mass featuring a controlled variation of thermal properties were prepared and used for the preparation of stable nanoparticle suspensions with similar size. This study enabled to prove: (a) The direct relationship between the bulk thermal properties and the nanoparticle stiffness; (b) the role of synthetic design for both the controlled variation of polyesters properties and for the preparation of tailor-made PLA stereocomplexes; and (c) the experimental proof on how polyester design allow the preparation of nanoparticles with constant HHB

Medea Norsa giovane

1nonenoneBANDELLI G.Bandelli, Gin

Sociological Debates on Gestational Surrogacy

This open access book discusses and analyses competing views and social implications of gestational surrogacy, which is making inroads as an option for parenthood as well as a work opportunity for women. It provides a rich account of transnational mobilizations for the abolition and regulation of surrogacy, with focus on United States, Italy and Mexico. The author critically assesses the core narratives of supporters and opponents of surrogacy, in order to understand this reproductive practice in light of some of the essential elements of contemporary societies, such as the “child at any cost” culture, individualism, technology and female emancipation. This book appeals to scholars, policy makers and all those who want to understand the controversial debate on this unprecedented method of family formation and life production

'Femminicidio' in Italy: A critique of feminist gender discourse and constructivist reading of the human identity

In recent years a feminist gender discourse of femicide has become established in Italian political debate. Stereotypical and sexist representations of women are singled out as key issues to be addressed in the fight against Violence Against Women (VAW). Gender discourse and associated cultural/linguistic enterprise simplify heterosexual (violent) relational dynamics, overshadow different situational, relational and socio-psychological readings of violence and foreground a cultural understanding of the human being as a self-determined artificially constructed identity. We suggest that this discourse on femicide can be read through the lens of Foucault\u2019s theory of biopolitics, as a device of manipulation of human identity. Furthermore we borrow from Habermas\u2019 theory of public sphere and argue that the hegemonic gender interpretation of femicide reflects the specific vantage point of feminist groups while it is not the result of any inclusive public reflections on the causes of this social phenomenon. Our core argument is that a gender discourse of femicide contributes to the advancement of a social constructivist paradigm in the interpretation of self in postmodern society, a society that, as warned by Sociologist David Riesman and Jungian psychologist Tony Wolff, is populated by individuals that conform to cultural values

Presenze del potere centrale nelle città della Gallia Cisalpina. I documenti epigrafici

Riassunto: Dopo un’introduzione di carattere generale sull’assetto amministrativo della Gallia Ci­salpina durante il periodo repubblicano, il contributo elenca i magistrati romani docu­mentati epigraficamente in vari centri colo­niari della provincia: Manio Acilio Glabrione, cos. 191, a Luna (due volte); Lucio Mummio, cos. 146, a Parma; Marco Claudio Marcello, cos. II 155, a Luna; Gaio Sempronio Tudita­no, cos. 129, ad Aquileia (due volte); Lu­cio Manlio Acidino, triu(m)vir Aquileiae coloniae deducundae 181, ad Aquileia; Tito Annio (Losco), tri(um)vir 169, ad Aquileia; Gaio Aurelio Cotta, pro cos. 74, ad Aquileia; Gaio Appulleio Tappone, pr. ?, ad Aquileia. La presenza in Ariminum di un’iscrizione celebrativa di Gaio Mario è considerata dubbia. Nessuna attestazione epigrafica di magistrati della Repubblica romana pro­viene da centri indigeni. Parole chiave: Cisalpina repubblicana, Magistrati romani, Prosopografia epigrafica. Abstract: After a short introduction about the adminis­trative organization of Gallia Cisalpina during the Republican period, this paper gives a list of the epigraphically documented Roman magis­trates in various colonial centres of the prov­ince: Manius Acilius Glabrio, cos. 191, in Luna (twice); Lucius Mummius, cos. 146, in Parma; Marcus Claudius Marcellus, cos. II 155, in Luna; Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus, cos. 129, in Aquileia (twice); Lucius Manlius Acidi­nus, triu(m)vir Aquileiae coloniae deducun­dae 181, in Aquileia; Titus Annius (Luscus), tri(um)vir 169, in Aquileia; Gaius Aurelius Cotta, pro cos. 74, in Aquileia; Gaius Appul­leius Tappo, pr. ?, in Aquileia. The existence in Ariminum of an inscription celebrating Gaius Marius is considered doubtful. There is also no epigraphic evidence of magis­trates of the Roman Republic deriving from indigenous centres. Key words: Republican Cisalpina, Roman magistrates, Epigraphic prosopography.   doi: https://doi.org/10.20318/revhisto.2017.357

LA QUESTIONE DEI CASTELLIERI

l. U proucavanju pitanja gradina uzela se dosada kao polazna tocka relativno nedavno razdoblje, godine koje idu priblizno od 1850, kada je historicar C. von Czoernig st. formulirao hipotezu da su gradine keltskog porijekla, do 1870, kad su, suprotno Kandlerovoj tezi da su rimskog porijekla, A. Covaz i T. Luciani potvrdili njihovu prethisto­ricnost. Dvije su svrhe ovoga rada: rekonstrukcija, mnogo analiticnija od ucinjenoga u proslosti, prvih faza paletnoloskog istrazivanja u Ju­lijskoj Kranjini i u Istri; uokvirenje njegove problematike u siroj perspektivi rodenja i razvoja prethistorij ske znanosti u Evropi i u Italiji. 2. Ispituju se prije svega narodne predaj e o gradinama. U njima je kronoloski i etnicki okvir tih spomenika razlicit, jer se odnosi sad na legendarna vremena i narode, sada na rimsko doba. 3. U ucenoj predaji interes za gradine javlja se relativno kasno. Ipak veé u XVUI st. jedan ucenjak kao G. D. Bertoli iznosi hipotezu da su furlanske gradine rimskog porijekla. 4. Teorije trséanskih i istarskih historicara o etnickoj strukturi njihovih zemalja u predrimsko doba, izvedene iz klasicnih pisaca i iz Biblije, veoma su razlicite. Kandler, koji prerano ulazi u tu debatu, pretpostavlja postojanje dvaju predrimskih etnickih slojeva: prvog keltskog, koji on smatra autoktonim potisnutog, dola­skom drugog naroda, prema unutrasnjosti, tj . <<Traci grecanici» sa uséa Histria (Dunav). Sa << Traci grecanici» trséanski historicar poistoveéuje Histre. On istrazuje prezivljenje keltskog i trackog supstrata u lingvi­stickim elementima kao npr. u toponomastici i u epigrafima rimskog doba; medutim, iskljucuje ostatak arheoloskih tragova. S. Pomoéu brojnih suradnika Kandler istice i sistematski proucava rimske starine Istre. U taj kontekst uklapa se i njegov interes za gradine. Kandlerova teorija da se radi o konstrukcijama rimskog doba, s namjerom da stite cestovni sistem, potjece barem od 1837. god, a razraduje se i cesto predlaze tokom 40-ih godina. 6. Kandlerovu ideju da ne postoje arheo­loski astaci koji se odnose na predrimsko stanovniStvo Istre treba uvrstiti u opéu situaciju paletnoloskog istrazivanja u Evropi, a ono se nalazi jos u pionirskoj fazi. Do odlucne prekretnice na tom polju dolazi polovicom XIX st. sto se tice Julijske Krajine i Istre, od izvjesne je vaznosti nastajanje privatnih zbirki arheoloskih nalaza koji se na daju klasificirati kao rimski, a od tih je najvaznija ona T. Luciani-j a i Scam­picchia u Labinu. Valja pomenuti i aktivnost strastvenih ljubitelja, medu kojima M. Musinu i T. Rutara. 7. Oko 1850. C. von Czoernig iznosi hipotezu da su gradine keltskog porijekla, ali zasada nema pristasa. 8. Uvjerenje da su gradine prethistorijske sazrijeva, medutim, i u jednom od najinteligentnijih Kandlerovih suradnika, u Luciani-ju. Do toga zakljucka on dolazi veé prije 1859, ali u prvo vrijeme o tome ne javlja nista. 9. U okviru obnavljanja u nacionalistickom smislu, izaz­vanog preporodom u trséanskoj i istarskoj historiografiji, takoder prethistorijsko pokrajinsko istrazivanje dobiva nov poticaj. 10. Vazna je okolnost ponovno ozivljavanje debate o polozaju Nezakcija, srediSta otpora Histra protiv Rimljana 177. g. p.n.e. Nakon nekoliko uvidaja, sto su ih obavili na podrucju Valture 1886. i 1887. C. De Franceschi, A. Covaz i T. Luciani, potvrdena je pretpostavka, veé iznesena od Kan­dlera, da Nezakcij valja traziti u blizini Budave. 11. Do cestih slucajnih otkriéa prethistorijskih materijala dolazi na podrucju Soce, na trséan­skom Krasu, u Istri i na Kvarnerskim otocima. Izmedu 1867. i 1869. narocito je intenzivna Luciani-jeva aktivnost na podrucju paletnologije. 12. Unatoc svemu, jos koncem 1868. Kandler ponovno predlaze svoju staru teoriju o rimskom porijeklu gradina. 13. Pocetkom 1870. C. Vogt nizom predavanja paleontoloskog i paletnoloskog sadàaja, odrzanih u Trstu, pobudi medu lokalnim ucenjacima interes i polemiku. 14. U veljaci iste godine A. Covaz i T. Luciani samostalno zauzmu odlucan stav u prilog prethistoricnosti gradina. 15. U otvorenom pismu Covazu, nekoliko mjeseci kasnije, Kandler dopusta da one, djelomicno, mogu potjecati takoder iz prethistorijskog doba. 16. U svojem posljednjem spisu paletnoloskog karaktera, u pismu U. Bottiju, ilustratoru prethi­storijskih otkriéa u peéinama S. Maria di Leuca, Kandler vracajuéi se Luciani-jevoj tezi podvlaci uputnost da se istraze istarske peéine. 17. Sa uspjesima prethistorijskog lokalnog istrazivanja pocinje se upoznavati i sira publika. 1871. dio Luciani-jeve zbirke izlozen je na Medunarodnom kongresu prethistorijske antropologije u Bologni. 1874. R. F. Burton, talijanski konzul u Trstu, izdaje Notes on the Castellieri or Prehistoric Ruins of the I strian Peninsula. U pratnji za vrijeme njegovih istrazi­vanja nalazi se mladi C. Marchesetti

Strontium isopropoxide: a highly active catalyst for the ring‐opening polymerization of lactide and various lactones

Abstract Commercially available strontium isopropoxide represents a suitable catalyst/initiator for the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide (LA), ε−caprolactone, δ−valerolactone, δ−caprolactone, and δ−decalactone. Well‐defined polyesters are accessible via the solution polymerization of lactide in toluene with a [LA]:[Sr] ratio of 100:1 at room temperature with or without the addition of dodecanol as coinitiator. Kinetic studies and detailed analysis by means of matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry reveal pseudo‐first‐order kinetics of the ROP as well as excellent endgroup fidelity of the polylactide (PLA) with isopropyl and dodecyl α‐endgroups. Both isopropanolate moieties as well as the coinitiator each initiate PLA chains, enabling the synthesis of PLA with tailored molar mass. The polymerization of ε−caprolactone and δ−valerolactone confirms the high catalyst activity, which causes quantitative monomer conversion after 1 min polymerization time but broad molar mass distributions. In contrast, the catalyst is well suited for the ROP of the less reactive δ−caprolactone and δ−decalactone. Although kinetic studies reveal initially bimodal molar mass distributions, polyesters with dispersity values Ð < 1.2 and unimodal molar mass distributions can be obtained at moderate to high monomer conversions