Objetivo CINE 3: Análisis del éxito y abandono educativo. Implicaciones para la orientación

Concern about Early School Leaving (ESL) is a constant in European and national policies, justifying specific educational measures to reduce it. Although we do not have an official evaluation of the effectiveness of these measures, we note that the percentage of dropouts in Spain has been decreasing in recent years. From the point of view of educational guidance, it is interesting to highlight the transitions between different stages up to the achievement of ISCED level 3: How does the progression from compulsory to post-compulsory secondary education take place? How does Basic Vocational Education Training (BVET) affect the calculation of drop-out rates? To this end, comparative and longitudinal analyses have been carried out, based on data provided by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MEFP). Results show that the majority of those with compulsory secondary education continue to study successfully, thus contributing to the reduction of ESL. However, 30% of the students who enroll in Secondary Education (ESO) do not complete this level, and approximately two thirds of that percentage drop out before the 4th year. At present, the reduction in ESL is related to the different consideration of the BVET and the PCPIs that it replaces. Though graduation from BVET is lower than that of the PCPI, its contribution to improving the drop-out rate is clear because it allows for the certification of ISCED level 3.RESUMENLa preocupación por el Abandono Temprano de la Educación y Formación (ATEF) es una constante en políticas europeas y nacionales, justificando medidas educativas específicas para reducirlo. Aunque no disponemos de evaluación oficial sobre la eficacia de estas, observamos que el porcentaje de abandono en España viene disminuyendo en los últimos años. Desde el punto de vista de la orientación educativa, interesa evidenciar las transiciones entre distintas etapas hasta la consecución del nivel CINE 3: ¿cómo se produce la progresión en secundaria obligatoria hacia secundaria postobligatoria? ¿cómo incide la FPB en el cálculo del abandono? Para ello, se han realizado análisis comparados y longitudinales a partir de los datos proporcionados por el Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional (MEFP). Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de las personas tituladas en secundaria obligatoria continúan estudiando con éxito, contribuyendo así a la reducción del ATEF. Sin embargo, un 30% del alumnado que comienza sus estudios en ESO, no llegan a terminarlos, siendo aproximadamente dos terceras partes de ese porcentaje quienes abandonan antes de 4º. En el momento actual, la reducción del ATEF está relacionada con la distinta consideración de la FPB y los PCPI´s a los que sustituye. Siendo el éxito de la titulación en FPB menor que en los PCPI´s, su contribución a la mejora de la cifra de abandono es clara porque permite certificar un nivel CINE 3. Por ello, urge valorar el funcionamiento y logro de medidas de flexibilización en centros educativos que faciliten el éxito escolar

Shedding Plasma Membrane Vesicles Induced by Graphene Oxide Nanoflakes in Brain Cultured Astrocytes

Microvesicles (MVs) generated and released by astrocytes, the brain prevalent cells, crucially contribute to intercellular communication, representing key vectorized systems able to spread and actively transfer signaling molecules from astrocytes to neurons, ultimately modulating target cell functions. The increasing clinical relevance of these signaling systems requires a deeper understanding of MV features, currently limited by both their nanoscale dimensions and the low rate of their constituent release. Hence, to investigate the features of such glial signals, nanotechnology-based approaches and the applications of unconventional, cost-effective tools in generating MVs are needed. Here, small graphene oxide (s-GO) nanoflakes are used to boost MVs shedding from astrocytes in cultures and s-GO generated MVs are compared with those generated by a natural stimulant, namely ATP, by atomic force microscopy, light scattering, attenuated total reflection\u2013fourier transform infra-red and ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy. We also report the ability of both types of MVs, upon acute and transient exposure of patch clamped cultured neurons, to modulate basal synaptic transmission, inducing a stable increase in synaptic activity accompanied by changes in neuronal plasma membrane elastic features

Image Analysis and Classification Applied to Red Soft-Flesh Peach ('Richlady') Ripeness Assessment

To develop a new and improved procedure for classification of peache based on computer vision for handling equipment, through > Optical characterization of peaches by spectrometry > Developing multispectral and hyper-spectral vision systems >To compare and validate the discrimination power of the different system

Racism: A Teenagers\u27 Perspective Results of Preliminary Research from Madrid, Spain

In mid-June, 2005, the members of the INTER Center received a collaboration proposal from FETE-UGT8, with the objective of carrying out a brief exploratory study on the perceptions and experiences that young people and adolescents, mainly immigrants, have concerning possible experiences of discrimination and racism in their immediate surroundings. The initial objectives of the project were expanded due to the dynamics of the project itself. New focuses of attention and social, educational and personal dynamics, which can condition to a certain extent the experiences that immigrant adolescents undergo, were detected. The project initially consisted of a series of interviews with adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age. A total of 20 interviews were carried out, some of them group interviews. We consider this project focus, although positive, to be limited, and we think that it would have been necessary to broaden the sample and consider other people in the young people’s social and family environment (family members, friends, classmates, professors, all of them of different origins, including the host country)

Intranasal Administration of Undifferentiated Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells as a Potential Approach to Deliver Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells into Brain

Oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) migration is a mechanism involved in remyelination; these cells migrate from niches in the adult CNS. However, age and disease reduce the pool of OPCs; as a result, the remyelination capacity of the CNS decreases over time. Several experimental studies have introduced OPCs to the brain via direct injection or intrathecal administration. In this study, we used the nose-to brain pathway to deliver oligodendrocyte lineage cells (human oligodendroglioma (HOG) cells), which behave similarly to OPCs in vitro. To this end, we administered GFP-labelled HOG cells intranasally to experimental animals, which were subsequently euthanised at 30 or 60 days. Our results show that the intranasal route is a viable route to the CNS and that HOG cells administered intranasally migrate preferentially to niches of OPCs (clusters created during embryonic development and adult life). Our study provides evidence, albeit limited, that HOG cells either form clusters or adhere to clusters of OPCs in the brains of experimental animals

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Functionalization of polypyrrole nanopipes with redox-active polyoxometalates for high energy density supercapacitors

Hybrid materials are very attractive for the fabrication of high‐performance supercapacitors. Here, we have explored organic–inorganic hybrid materials based on open‐end porous 1 D polypyrrole nanopipes (PPy‐NPipes) and heteropolyoxometalates (phosphotungstate ([PW12O40]3−, PW12) or phosphomolybdate ([PMo12O40]3−, PMo12)) that display excellent areal capacitances. Two different hybrid materials (PMo12@PPy and PW12@PPy) were effectively synthesized and used for symmetric supercapacitors. The anchoring of the inorganic nanoclusters onto the conducting polymer nanopipes led to electrodes that stood up to our best expectations exhibiting outstanding areal capacitances that are almost 1.5 to 2 fold higher than that of pristine PPy‐NPipes. In addition, symmetric cells based on PMo12@PPy and PW12@PPy hybrid electrodes were fabricated and showed significant improvement in cell performance with very high volumetric capacitances in the range of 6.3–6.8 F cm−3 (considering the volume of whole device). Indeed, they provide extended potential windows in acidic electrolytes (up to 1.5 V) which led to ultrahigh energy densities of 1.5 and 2.2 mWh cm−3 for PMo12@PPy and PW12@PPy cells, respectively. Thus, these unique organic‐inorganic hybrid symmetric cells displayed extraordinary electrochemical performances far exceeding those of more complex asymmetric systems

A theoretical and experimental study of the racemization process of hexaaza[5]helicenes

A dynamic 1H NMR study, together with DFT calcns., of bis-([1,2,3]triazolo)[1,5-a:5',1'-k][1,10]phenanthroline 2 has allowed to identify the ring and open forms of a new example of ring/chain tautomerism, as well as their interconversion barriers (ring/ring and ring/open). The barrier of the exchange process between the chain forms and the ring form was found higher than the 'racemization' process in the closed form, so the ring opening does not contribute to the 'racemization'. The di-1,10-Me and di-1,10-iodo derivs. have been prepd. and their properties calcd

Triazolopyridines. Part 28. The ring-chain isomerization strategy: triazolopyridine- and triazoloquinoline-pyridine based fluorescence ligands

The ring-chain isomerization of [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines or [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a] quinolines was efficiently employed as a tool to provide tridentate fluorescent structures. Based on these scaffolds, a new family of highly fluorescent compds. was synthesized and evaluated for the recognition of zinc or copper cations. In addn., the 1:1 Zn+2-L complex of a naphthalene triazolopyridine-pyridine deriv. revealed high efficiency as sensor for anions providing large binding consts. for nitrite and cyanide