Effect of Sodium Sulfate, Calcium Level and Source and Phosphorus on the Potentiation of Chlortetracycline and Performance of Growing Pigs

Experiments designed to study the potentiation of antibiotic in swine were conducted over a two-year period. During the two years, 344 crossbred pigs were used in three separate experiments to study the effects of calcium sources and levels, sulfate sources and levels, and phosphorus levels in diets containing different levels of chlortetracycline. The first experiment was divided into three two-periods. During the first two weeks 50 g/ton of chlortetracycline in the diets increased gain of pigs from 0.68 to 0.72 kg. per day. Pigs fed diets containing chlortetracycline gained significantly faster when the source of calcium was sulfate rather than carbonate. In the second period, pigs receiving a higher calcium diet with antibiotic grew significantly faster than those fed a low-calcium diet. During the third two-week period pigs fed a calcium carbonate diet achieved gains significantly greater than those fed a calcium sulfate diet. On an accumulative basis (0-6 weeks) there were no significant differences among treatments in either average daily gain or feed efficiency. Diets containing three levels of calcium (0.3, 0.7 and 1.1%) with and without 100g/ton of chlortetracycline were used during the first four-week period of Experiment 2. In the second period (2 weeks) all diets contained 0.3% calcium. Pigs fed the antibiotic diets received 200 g/ton of chlortetracycline. Blood was collected from all pigs at the beginning of the experiment, at the end of the first period and at the end of the second period. Over the entire six-week period antibiotic fed pigs gained significantly (P\u3c.01) faster and required less feed per Kg. gain than pigs fed diets without antibiotic. Pigs fed diets of 0.3 and 0.7% calcium responded significantly (P\u3c.05) better to antibiotic than those fed the high calcium diet. Blood serum calcium was similar among all treatments at the first and third blood collections. At the second collection pigs on the lowest dietary calcium level showed blood serum calcium levels significantly higher than the others. Serum chlortetracycline at the second blood collection increased linearly with decreasing levels f dietary calcium. Serum chlortetracycline at the third collection followed the same pattern as the second and was closely correlated with the dietary calcium levels of the first period. Several methods of potentiation of chlortetracycline were studied in the third experiment which was conducted for ten weeks. The diets included increasing levels of sodium sulfate, calcium diet. All diets contained 200 g/ton chlortetracycline. Blood was collected at the beginning of the experiment after pigs were fasted overnight and fed for five hours and again two weeks later. Chlortetracycline significantly (P\u3c.05) increased daily gain. At both sampling periods the lowest values of blood serum calcium were found in pigs fed the very high (1.8%) phosphorus diet. At the first collection blood serum from all pigs, except those fed the calcium sulfate supplemented diets, contained chlortetracycline levels which were significantly higher (P\u3c.05) than the controls. At the second collection only serum from pigs fed the low calcium diet and the two very high phosphorus diets had chlortetracycline values significantly higher (P\u3c.05) than controls. Increasing amounts of sodium sulfate in the diet caused a linear increase of blood serum chlortetracycline in the blood serum. At both collections, blood serum chlortetracycline was also significantly (P\u3c.01) high when pigs were fed the high phosphorus diets

Effect of Dietary Minerals on the Potentiation of Chlortetracycline in Swine

The primary objective of this experiment was to study the potentiation of chlortetracycline in swine. Several methods of potentiation were studied; they were increasing dietary levels of calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate and phosphorus

Greece from the dictatorship to democracy (1974-1986): Continuity or rupture?

Después del fracasado golpe de Estado en Chipre, los dirigentes militares de Grecia decidieron instaurar un gobierno civil para tratar la crisis que se había provocado. Así, el viejo político conservador Konstantinos Karamanlís regresó en julio de 1974, después de once años en el exilio, para formar gobierno. El presente artículo examina las características más significantes del nuevo sistema político de la Metapolitepsi y cómo estas supusieron la ruptura con el pasado. Concretamente, nos enfocaremos en la legalización del Partido Comunista, en la abolición de la Monarquía, en la nueva constitución y los poderes que otorgaba al presidente de la República, en el equilibrio de poder entre el primer ministro y el presidente de la República y, por último, la revisión constitucional de 1986After the failed coup d’état in Cyprus, the leaders of the Greek military junta called for the formation of a civil government in order to deal with the crisis. The experienced conservative leader Konstantinos Karamanlis returned in July of 1974 after eleven years in exile to form a government. This article examines the most notable aspects of the new political system of the Metapolitefsi and how they marked the rupture with the past. We will focus on the legalization of the Communist Party, the abolishment of the monarchy, the new constitution of 1975 and the powers accredited to the President, the balance of power between the President and the Prime Minister and finally, on the constitutional revision of 198

Effect of Dietary Calcium Levels on Response of Growing Pigs to Chlortetracycline

The study of reported herein was designed to determine the effect of different level of dietary calcium on growth performance as well as calcium and chlortetracycline levels in the blood serum of growing pigs

International Stock Market Efficiency: A Non-Bayesian Time-Varying Model Approach

This paper develops a non-Bayesian methodology to analyze the time-varying structure of international linkages and market efficiency in G7 countries. We consider a non-Bayesian time-varying vector autoregressive (TV-VAR) model, and apply it to estimate the joint degree of market efficiency in the sense of Fama (1970, 1991). Our empirical results provide a new perspective that the international linkages and market efficiency change over time and that their behaviors correspond well to historical events of the international financial system.Comment: 21 pages, 2 tables, 6 figure

Effect of Level and Source of Dietary Calcium on the Response of Pigs to Antibiotics

The experiment reported here is a part of a study to determine the effect of the level and source of calcium on the performance of growing pigs fed a conventional type diet with and without aureomycin

Effect of Antibiotics on the Growth of Growing Pigs Fed Different Levels of Protein

Since 1946 when the first antibiotics were discovered, extensive research has been conducted to study their growth promoting effect in many animal species. Animals fed diets containing antibiotics was often more striking when protein deficient diets were used. The objective of this experiment was the measurement of the effect of aureomycin on growth rate of growing pigs fed diets of different protein levels

Ενεργειακή αυτονομία αστικού περιβάλλοντος από εγκατάσταση ΑΠΕ: Μελέτη από την οπτική του πεδίου ‘Επιστήμη, Τεχνολογία, Κοινωνία’

Οι προκλήσεις τόσο της καταστροφής του περιβάλλοντος, όσο και της οικονομικής κρίσης στην Ελλάδα φέρνουν αντιμέτωπες τις κοινωνίες με το ζήτημα της ενεργειακής φτώχειας. Οι δυνατότητες αξιοποίησης των υπάρχοντων διατάξεων Ανανεώσιμων Πηγών Ενέργειας (ΑΠΕ) ανοίγουν ευκαιρίες για την λύση ή έστω άμβλυνση του προβλήματος αυτού. Αμφισβητώντας το μοντέλο της κεντρικής παραγωγής ενέργειας, μικραίνοντας την κλίμακα, και φέρνοντας την παραγωγή ενέργειας από ΑΠΕ μέσα στο ίδιο το αστικό περιβάλλον, η μελέτη αυτή επιχειρεί, χωρίς να αμφισβητήσει το υπάρχον τεχνοκοινωνικό περιβάλλον ενός δήμου της Αθήνας, να δώσει απαντήσεις τόσο τεχνικές όσο και κοινωνικές στα προβλήματα που εγείρονται από την προσπάθεια επίτευξης ενεργειακής αυτονομίας για έναν αστικό δήμο.The challenges of both the climate change and the economic crisis in Greece force us to face the problem of energy poverty. The possibility of using already existing Renewable Energy (RE) technologies opens up the opportunity to solve or, at least, mitigate that problem. By questioning the centralized energy production model, lowering the scale, and bringing the energy production from RE inside the very urban environment, this study attempts, without questioning the technosocial environment of a municipality of Athens, to give both technical and social answers to the problems arising while attempting a complete energy autonomy for the entirety of an urban municipality