Competition on the Global Market: A Way Towards an Autonomous International Court for Global Competition Cases

Competition policy is a field where economists and lawyers have to work hand in hand to achieve efficiency and, in the international arena, global welfare. At the present, there is no internationally recognised official authority under the auspices of which there would take shape the global competition policy and, simultaneously, set up a core of global competition rules. Competition policy, still national or supranational in its nature, is, as a consequence, under strong influence of other national or supranational policies and so regulated by various laws that in their specific way address competition cases including those with an international element. Overlapping of jurisdictions, conflicts between substantive and procedural laws are unavoidable. Considering that full and simultaneous compliance with all those laws is a hard task to fulfil, it makes cross-border transaction much more risky, time consuming, and costly than is necessary. By setting up an autonomous international court for global competition cases not only would we get rid obstacles to efficient enforcement of competition but we could make global welfare flourish without depriving developing countries of their economic growth.global competition, global market, international court, enforcement, World Trade Organization

Geometry of the Limit Sets of Linear Switched Systems

The paper is concerned with asymptotic stability properties of linear switched systems. Under the hypothesis that all the subsystems share a non strict quadratic Lyapunov function, we provide a large class of switching signals for which a large class of switched systems are asymptotically stable. For this purpose we define what we call non chaotic inputs, which generalize the different notions of inputs with dwell time. Next we turn our attention to the behaviour for possibly chaotic inputs. To finish we give a sufficient condition for a system composed of a pair of Hurwitz matrices to be asymptotically stable for all inputs

Stability of uniformly bounded switched systems and Observability

This paper mainly deals with switched linear systems defined by a pair of Hurwitz matrices that share a common but not strict quadratic Lyapunov function. Its aim is to give sufficient conditions for such a system to be GUAS.We show that this property of being GUAS is equivalent to the uniform observability on $[0,+\infty)$ of a bilinear system defined on a subspace whose dimension is in most cases much smaller than the dimension of the switched system.Some sufficient conditions of uniform asymptotic stability are then deduced from the equivalence theorem, and illustrated by examples.The results are partially extended to nonlinear analytic systems

A note on stability conditions for planar switched systems

This paper is concerned with the stability problem for the planar linear switched system $\dot x(t)=u(t)A_1x(t)+(1-u(t))A_2x(t)$, where the real matrices $A_1,A_2\in \R^{2\times 2}$ are Hurwitz and $u(\cdot) [0,\infty[\to\{0,1\}$ is a measurable function. We give coordinate-invariant necessary and sufficient conditions on $A_1$ and $A_2$ under which the system is asymptotically stable for arbitrary switching functions $u(\cdot)$. The new conditions unify those given in previous papers and are simpler to be verified since we are reduced to study 4 cases instead of 20. Most of the cases are analyzed in terms of the function \Gamma(A_1,A_2)={1/2}(\tr(A_1) \tr(A_2)- \tr(A_1A_2)).Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

Prophylactic and emergency cesareans: a comparative study on 718 observations at the maternity ward of Ignace Deen National hospital

Background: The objective of the study is to compare the frequency, the socio-demographic characteristics, the indications, the fetal maternal prognosis and the Robson classification of prophylactic and emergency caesarean sections.Methods: This was a comparative study of prophylactic and emergency caesarean sections at the maternity of Ignace Deen national hospital. It was a 12 month (July 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017) descriptive and analytical study.Results: Prophylactic caesarean sections accounted for 12, 51% of caesarean sections and 3.96% of deliveries at the ward. Prophylactic caesarean sections involved pregnant women aged from 20 to 29, holder of higher education degrees (51.54%), married (92.76%) employed (56.83%) and whose prenatal visit was provided by the obstetrician (73.54%). While the emergency caesarean section concerned parturient aged between 20 and 34, mostly non-schooled (36.49%), transferred patients (80.22%) and nulliparous (58.5%). Surgical indications were mainly scarred uterus (32.32%) and maternal pathologies (18.11%) prophylaxis; bleeding in the last quarter (25.90%) acute fetal distress (20.33%) in emergency. Groups 6 and 5 of the Robson classification were the most represented with a 2.23% morbidity and a zero maternal lethality in prophylaxis versus groups 5 and 6 with a 10.03% morbidity and a 1.67% maternal lethality in emergency.Conclusions: Improving this prognosis would be achieved through an increase in the frequency of prophylactic caesarean sections