Topological Fluid Dynamics For Free and Viscous Surfaces

In an incompressible fluid flow, streamline patterns and their bifurcations are investigated close to wall for two-dimensional system and close to free and viscous surfaces in three-dimensional system. Expanding the velocity field in a Taylor series, we conduct a local analysis at the given expansion point. Applying the boundary conditions, some relations are obtained among the coefficients of the expansions. Series of coordinate transformations, which preserves the boundary conditions, are used to reduce the number of coefficients. Finally, using the normal form and unfolding theory, the velocity field is analysed structurally and bifurcation diagrams are obtained.First, two-dimensional viscous flow close to wall for non-simple degenerate critical point is considered depending on three-parameter space. Second, threedimensional axisymmetric, viscous and steady flow is analysed close to free and viscous surfaces into three situations: Local analysis close to center axis; away from the axis and close to a stationary wall. Next, in the absence of axisymmetric condition, three-dimensional viscous flow is consider close to a free surface. As an application of the bifurcation diagrams for three-dimensional axisymmetric viscous flow, three different shaped container driven by a rotating top disk is considered. Using a spectral collocation method, a code is constructed to obtain the meridional and swirl velocities. In a result of this code, all structural changes on the streamline patterns are observed and the occurring bifurcations are determined. These bifurcations are compared with the bifurcations obtained from topologically.<br/

Heveas problem: The Fountain

Report is the result of the working during 94th European Study Group with Industry in Sonderborg

Heveas problem: The Fountain

Report is the result of the working during 94th European Study Group with Industry in Sonderborg

Appendix Inflammation with Varicella Zoster Infection: Case Report

Acute appendicitis with varicella zoster infection is a very rare event. We report the case of an 18-year-old immunocompetent adult with acute varicella zoster infection and abdominal pain at the right lower quadrant. He had tenderness on the right lower quadrant with defense and rebound. He had no leukocytosis, and abdominal ultrasonography showed an inflammation of the appendix (6.4 mm in diameter) with free fluid of about 25x21x20 mm. We observed the patient with antiviral therapy. On the second day, there was no increment in his physical signs, and on the tenth day of the acute onset of varicella zoster infection, he had no pain; the abdominal ultrasonography revealed no inflammation of the appendix

Appendix Inflamation with Varicella Zoster Infection

Acute appendicitis with varicella zoster infection is a very rare event. We report the case of an 18-year-old immunocompetent adult with acute varicella zoster infection and abdominal pain at the right lower quadrant. He had tenderness on the right lower quadrant with defense and rebound. He had no leukocytosis, and abdominal ultrasonography showed an inflammation of the appendix (6.4 mm in diameter) with free fluid of about 25x21x20 mm. We observed the patient with antiviral therapy. On the second day, there was no increment in his physical signs, and on the tenth day of the acute onset of varicella zoster infection, he had no pain; the abdominal ultrasonography revealed no inflammation of the appendix

Current predictive resting metabolic rate equations are not sufficient to determine proper resting energy expenditure in Olympic Young Adult National Team Athletes

Predictive resting metabolic rate (RMR) equations are widely used to determine athletes’ resting energy expenditure (REE). However, it remains unclear whether these predictive RMR equations accurately predict REE in the athletic populations. The purpose of the study was to compare 12 prediction equations (Harris-Benedict, Mifflin, Schofield, Cunningham, Owen, Liu’s, De Lorenzo) with measured RMR in Turkish national team athletes and sedentary controls. A total of 97 participants, 49 athletes (24 females, 25 males), and 48 sedentary (28 females, 20 males), were recruited from Turkey National Olympic Teams at the Ministry of Youth and Sports. RMR was measured using a Fitmate GS (Cosmed, Italy). The results of each 12 prediction formulas were compared with the measured RMR using paired t-test. The Bland-Altman plot was performed to determine the mean bias and limits of agreement between measured and predicted RMRs. Stratification according to sex, the measured RMR was greater in athletes compared to controls. The closest equation to the RMR measured by Fitmate GS was the Harris-Benedict equation in male athletes (mean difference -8.9 (SD 257.5) kcal/day), and Liu’s equation [mean difference -16.7 (SD 195.0) kcal/day] in female athletes. However, the intra-class coefficient (ICC) results indicated that all equations, including Harris-Benedict for male athletes (ICC = 0.524) and Liu’s for female athletes (ICC = 0.575), had a moderate reliability compared to the measured RMR. In sedentary subjects, the closest equation to the measured RMR is the Nelson equation in males, with the lowest RMSE value of 118 kcal/day [mean difference: 10.1 (SD 117.2) kJ/day], whereas, in females, all equations differ significantly from the measured RMR. While Nelson (ICC = 0.790) had good and Owen (ICC = 0.722) and Mifflin (calculated using fat-free mass) (ICC = 0.700) had moderate reliability in males, all predictive equations showed poor reliability in females. The results indicate that the predictive RMR equations failed to accurately predict RMR levels in the participants. Therefore, it may not suitable to use them in determining total energy expenditure