207 research outputs found

    Farrell II and the Concept of an 'Emanation of the State'

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    Summary The Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) has established that directives cannot produce horizontal direct effect and thus may only be invoked against the State or its emanations. In the recent Farrell 2 judgement, the Court has clarified the concept of an 'emanation of the State' which is crucial for the purposes of applying vertical direct effect. The aim of this paper is to analyse the concept of an 'emanation of the State' presented in Farrell 2 ruling. Further, the article highlights that the judgement is a positive development as it brings consistency to the EU case law and corresponds to the present realities when new 'emanations' are emerging with the special powers attributed by the State

    Information Security and Privacy Management in Intelligent Transportation Systems

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    With the global digitalization of services, passenger Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) have emerged as transformative components, yet the practical implementation of state-of-the-art measures to ensure information security and privacy presents substantial challenges. In this article, we propose a framework for information security and privacy management. The framework is validated through two empirical studies. First, the framework is used to extract data during the literature review defining state-of-the-art aspects and measures. Second, a survey-based analysis of running passenger ITSs in selected regions of the European Union provides insights into real-life ITS implementations, enabling a thorough comparison with the proposed state-of-the-art measures. The study also showed that the proposed framework depicts some dependencies between measures, and, thus, using its matrix structure for the state of information security and privacy management in the organization helps to cross-check the usage of policies or methodologies by the organization departments. Our findings resulted in recommendations for organizations developing ITSs to enhance their information security and privacy management systems and bridge the gap between research proposals and practical implementation

    Advanced Microfluidic Assays for Caenorhabditis elegans

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    The in vivo analysis of a model organism, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, enables fundamental biomedical studies, including development, genetics, and neurobiology. In recent years, microfluidics technology has emerged as an attractive and enabling tool for the study of the multicellular organism. Advances in the application of microfluidics to C. elegans assays facilitate the manipulation of nematodes in high-throughput format and allow for the precise spatial and temporal control of their environment. In this chapter, we aim to illustrate the current microfluidic approaches for the investigation of behavior and neurobiology in C. elegans and discuss the trends of future development

    Quantification of key developmental risks in Africa

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    Current research identifies six key developmental risks for Africa: (a) vulnerability of infrastructure, (b) health, (c) education, (d) political and security risk, (e) vulnerability to natural disasters and (f) limitation of access to drinking water and sanitary facilities. Key risks are combined to an integrated risk measure and their impact on 42. African countries is analyzed. Six countries most susceptible to the indicated set of risks are isolated.Π’ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡˆΡ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ основних Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΡ–Π² сталого Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΊΡƒ Африки: 1) інфраструктура, 2) ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ½Π° здоров’я, 3) освіта, 4) ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ‚Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΠ°, 5) ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ– ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ»Ρ–Π·ΠΌΠΈ, 6) ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ доступ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡ— Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ– санітарних засобів. Π¦Ρ– Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΈ об’єднано поняття Ρ”Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ–Π½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΡƒ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»Ρ–Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ—Ρ… Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Π½Π° Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ 42 ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ—Π½ Африки. Π’ΠΈΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡˆΡ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ—Π½, Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡˆ Π²Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ… Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Ρ–Ρ— Ρ†ΡŒΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Ρƒ Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΡ–Π².Π’Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ основных рисков устойчивого развития Африки: 1) инфраструктура, 2) Π·Π΄Ρ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, 3) ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, 4) ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, 5) ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ‹, 6) ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ доступ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈ санитарным срСдствам. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ риски ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π² понятиС Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ риска. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡ… влияниС Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ 42 стран Африки. Π’Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ стран, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡŽ этого Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π° рисков

    Composition of aggregate developmental risk index for selected subset of countries in Latin Аmerica

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    Seven key developmental risks for Latin America are isolated: a) ecology and deforestation, b) natural disasters, c) drugs and crime, d) political stability, e) access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities, f) health of the population and g) education level of the population. Selected factors are aggregated into an integrated risk index for the twenty three Latin American countries. Countries most susceptible to the indicated set of the threats are identified.Π’ΠΈΠ΄Ρ–Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ сім ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΡ–Π² сталого Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΊΡƒ Π›Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ΡΡŒΠΊΠΎΡ— АмСрики: 1) Скологія Ρ‚Π° винищСння лісів; 2) ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ– ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ»Ρ–Π·ΠΌΠΈ; 3) Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ‚Π° Π·Π»ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ;4) ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ‚Π° Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΠ°; 5) ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ доступ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡ— Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ‚Π° санітарні ΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈ; Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ Π·Π°Π³Ρ€ΠΎΠ· для 23 ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ—Π½ Π›Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ΡΡŒΠΊΠΎΡ— АмСрики. Π†Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„Ρ–ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ—Π½ΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡˆ Π²Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠ²Ρ– Π· Π±ΠΎΠΊΡƒ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ–Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ— систСми Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΡ–Π².Π’Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ сСмь ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… рисков устойчивого развития Латинской АмСрики: 1) экология ΠΈ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ лСсов; 2) ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ‹; 3) Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ; 4) ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ; 5) ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ доступ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈ санитарныС условия; 6) Π·Π΄Ρ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅; 7) ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ образования насСлСния. Риски синтСзированы Π² комплСксный Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ ΡƒΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠ· для 23 стран Латинской АмСрики. Π˜Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ страны, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ уязвимыС со стороны Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ систСмы рисков

    Василий Π€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‡ Π‘Π°Ρ…Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²: ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ цСнности (ΠΊ 110-Π»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ со дня роТдСния)

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    The image ofΒ the outstanding library scientist Vasily Fyodorovich SakharovΒ β€” one ofΒ the founders ofΒ the Leningrad scientific school, isΒ recreated onΒ the basis ofΒ archival materials, publications and memoirs ofΒ contemporaries. The article isΒ dedicated toΒ the 110 birth anniversary ofΒ V.Β Sakharov.На основС Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ, воспоминаний соврСмСнников прСдпринята ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π· Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· основатСлСй лСнинградской Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡˆΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ‹ β€” Василия Π€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‡Π° Π‘Π°Ρ…Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°. Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡƒΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊ 110-Π»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ со дня роТдСния
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