Farrell II and the Concept of an 'Emanation of the State'

Summary The Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) has established that directives cannot produce horizontal direct effect and thus may only be invoked against the State or its emanations. In the recent Farrell 2 judgement, the Court has clarified the concept of an 'emanation of the State' which is crucial for the purposes of applying vertical direct effect. The aim of this paper is to analyse the concept of an 'emanation of the State' presented in Farrell 2 ruling. Further, the article highlights that the judgement is a positive development as it brings consistency to the EU case law and corresponds to the present realities when new 'emanations' are emerging with the special powers attributed by the State

Information Security and Privacy Management in Intelligent Transportation Systems

With the global digitalization of services, passenger Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) have emerged as transformative components, yet the practical implementation of state-of-the-art measures to ensure information security and privacy presents substantial challenges. In this article, we propose a framework for information security and privacy management. The framework is validated through two empirical studies. First, the framework is used to extract data during the literature review defining state-of-the-art aspects and measures. Second, a survey-based analysis of running passenger ITSs in selected regions of the European Union provides insights into real-life ITS implementations, enabling a thorough comparison with the proposed state-of-the-art measures. The study also showed that the proposed framework depicts some dependencies between measures, and, thus, using its matrix structure for the state of information security and privacy management in the organization helps to cross-check the usage of policies or methodologies by the organization departments. Our findings resulted in recommendations for organizations developing ITSs to enhance their information security and privacy management systems and bridge the gap between research proposals and practical implementation

Advanced Microfluidic Assays for Caenorhabditis elegans

The in vivo analysis of a model organism, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, enables fundamental biomedical studies, including development, genetics, and neurobiology. In recent years, microfluidics technology has emerged as an attractive and enabling tool for the study of the multicellular organism. Advances in the application of microfluidics to C. elegans assays facilitate the manipulation of nematodes in high-throughput format and allow for the precise spatial and temporal control of their environment. In this chapter, we aim to illustrate the current microfluidic approaches for the investigation of behavior and neurobiology in C. elegans and discuss the trends of future development

Quantification of key developmental risks in Africa

Current research identifies six key developmental risks for Africa: (a) vulnerability of infrastructure, (b) health, (c) education, (d) political and security risk, (e) vulnerability to natural disasters and (f) limitation of access to drinking water and sanitary facilities. Key risks are combined to an integrated risk measure and their impact on 42. African countries is analyzed. Six countries most susceptible to the indicated set of risks are isolated.Визначено шість основних ризиків сталого розвитку Африки: 1) інфраструктура, 2) охорона здоров’я, 3) освіта, 4) політика та держбезпека, 5) природні катаклізми, 6) обмежений доступ до питної води і санітарних засобів. Ці ризики об’єднано поняття єдиного інтегрального ризику. Проаналізовано їх вплив на розвиток 42 країн Африки. Виокремлено шість країн, найбільш вразливих до дії цього набору ризиків.Выделены шесть основных рисков устойчивого развития Африки: 1) инфраструктура, 2) здравоохранение, 3) образование, 4) политика и госбезопасность, 5) природные катаклизмы, 6) ограниченный доступ к питьевой воде и санитарным средствам. Перечисленные риски объединены в понятие единого интегрального риска. Проанализировано их влияние на развитие 42 стран Африки. Выделены шесть стран, наиболее чувствительных к действию этого набора рисков

Composition of aggregate developmental risk index for selected subset of countries in Latin Аmerica

Seven key developmental risks for Latin America are isolated: a) ecology and deforestation, b) natural disasters, c) drugs and crime, d) political stability, e) access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities, f) health of the population and g) education level of the population. Selected factors are aggregated into an integrated risk index for the twenty three Latin American countries. Countries most susceptible to the indicated set of the threats are identified.Виділено сім ключових ризиків сталого розвитку Латинської Америки: 1) екологія та винищення лісів; 2) природні катаклізми; 3) наркотики та злочинність;4) політика та безпека; 5) обмежений доступ до питної води та санітарні умови; вектор загроз для 23 країн Латинської Америки. Ідентифіковано країни, найбільш вразливі з боку виділеної системи ризиків.Выделены семь ключевых рисков устойчивого развития Латинской Америки: 1) экология и уничтожение лесов; 2) природные катаклизмы; 3) наркотики и преступность; 4) политика и безопасность; 5) ограниченный доступ к питьевой воде и санитарные условия; 6) здравоохранение; 7) уровень образования населения. Риски синтезированы в комплексный вектор угроз для 23 стран Латинской Америки. Идентифицированы страны, наиболее уязвимые со стороны выделенной системы рисков

Василий Федорович Сахаров: профессиональные и жизненные ценности (к 110-летию со дня рождения)

The image of the outstanding library scientist Vasily Fyodorovich Sakharov — one of the founders of the Leningrad scientific school, is recreated on the basis of archival materials, publications and memoirs of contemporaries. The article is dedicated to the 110 birth anniversary of V. Sakharov.На основе архивных материалов, публикаций, воспоминаний современников предпринята попытка воссоздать образ выдающегося библиотековеда, одного из основателей ленинградской научной школы — Василия Федоровича Сахарова. Статья приурочена к 110-летию со дня рождения