Changing and unchanging on Tadpole domination number in G − e, G + e graphs

In this paper, the effect of “Tadpole domination” change is examined, which is one of the domination types, when a graph is modified, by deleting or adding an edge in G. This edge deletion may represent a cut in a network. The occurrence of any interruption in connections of this network may lead to the pause of data transmission in the network and thus affect the work of the entire network, as well as the need to create new necessary connections within the network or excluding others for the possibility of reducing the cost. Based on these criteria “Tadpole domination number” change has been examined. The increase, decrease, and non-increase or decrease was determined for this number, in case of deletion or addition, and we have proved some basic cases for this domination change.Publisher's Versio

Tadpole Domination in Graphs

A new type of the connected domination parameters called tadpole domination number of a graph is introduced. Tadpole domination number for some standard graphs is determined, and some bounds for this number are obtained. Additionally, a new graph, finite, simple, undirected and connected, is introduced named weaver graph. Tadpole domination is calculated for this graph with other families of graphs

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Reform and the Qajar bureaucracy

This thesis is a study of the attempts made in the last four decades of Naser ad-Din shah's reign to reform the government and the administration in Persia. [to read the rest of the abstract pelase see the pdf

Reform and the Qajar bureaucracy

This thesis is a study of the attempts made in the last four decades of Naser ad-Din shah's reign to reform the government and the administration in Persia. [to read the rest of the abstract pelase see the pdf

THE MICROBIOME AND EPIGENOME PROFILE IN PEDIATRIC TYPE 1 DIABETES IN QATAR

This study focused on Qatar's pediatric population that has witnessed a steep increase in the incidence of the disease. In order to understand this, we analyzed the blood and stool samples of a pilot group of 21 T1D subjects (age 6-12 yrs. old) for the microbiome composition, Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) levels and methylation profiles using 16s rDNA sequencing, gas Chromatography and Infinium methylation assay respectivel

الجانب اللغوي عند الإمام البيضاوي في سورة البقرة

In the name of Allah, The most Merciful the most Beneficent. All praise are for him who is worthy of real praise. Darood u salam is for Him who is the greatest obligor. There is deep relation between Arabic language and knowledge of interpretation. If we have not full knowledge of  language knowledge, we cannot make correct interpretation and translation of the Holy Quran. This is why scholars concluded that the grip oflanguage knowledge is essential for an interpreter. Interpretation of Imam Baizawi"Anwar ul Tanzeel and Arar ul Taweel" has high status in interpretations. This interpretation/Tafseer is not only famous for literature and preaching but also it covers a lot of other knowledge. This debate indicates only the language knowledge of word. Along with the interpretation of Baizawi, those I have also written those words which have been mentioned in the interpretations of other interpreters.  &nbsp