Economical production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate by Bacillus cereusunder submerged and solid state fermentation

Abstract High cost of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production remained a major hindrance for its wide range applications. In the current study poly-3-hydroxybutyrate producing bacteria were isolated from environmental sources. Highest poly-3-hydroxybutyrate producing isolate Bacillus cereus PS 10 was investigated for its ability to use wide range of low-cost carbon sources including agro-industrial residues, viz. wood waste, potato peel powder, saw dust, maize bran, rice husk, molasses, whey etc. for poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production under submerged fermentation.B.cereus PS 10 exhibited remarkable metabolic capability and utilized most of the crude materials as carbon source for growth and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production. Maximum poly-3-hydroxybutyrate yield was observed when glycerol (8.9 ±0.3g/L) and molasses (8.6 ±0.25 g/L) were used as carbon sources.Execution of solid-state fermentation (SSF) using malt as SSF substrate showed that B. cereus PS 10 grew successfully under SSF and produced appreciable poly-3-hydroxybutyrate yield (14.4 mg/g). Ability of B. cereus PS 10to utilize vast range of crude carbon sources for growth and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production, and its capacity to grow and produce substantial poly-3-hydroxybutyrate yield under SSF reflects its potential connotation for industrial biotechnology

Cholesterol lowering and antioxidant potential of probiotic bacteria isolated from locally fermented milk product kalarei

Probiotics due to their multifaceted health promoting attributes have gained immense research impetus in recent years. The current study reports the hypocholesterolemic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from indigenous sources. LAB may use several mechanisms for lowering serum cholesterol level viz. cholesterol assimilation, bile salt deconjugation, and cholesterol adsorption on cell surface of live, resting and dead probiotic cells. Cholesterol lowering is generally a strain dependent phenomenon, and different LAB isolates exhibited varying level of hypocholesterolemic effects. Among the LAB isolates, K2 i.e. Enterococcus faecalis K2 showed the highest in vitro cholesterol lowering ability (82.32%), and strong bile salt deconjugation potential, and released about 128.43 µM/mL of cholic acid upon bile salt deconjugation. Furthermore, cholesterol removal by live, resting and dead E. faecalis K2 probiotic cells was shown to the extent of 72.46, 44.93, and 45.88%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy displayed appreciable adherence of cholesterol on to the cellular surfaces of E. faecalis K2 cells. The antioxidant potential of the cell free cultural fluid of LAB isolates was quite variable. LAB isolate E. faecalis K2 showed appreciable DPPH radical scavenging activity (37.36%), hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (26.35%), and superoxide radical scavenging ability (42.67%). Most of the LAB probiotic isolates were susceptible to conventionally used antibiotics, and lacked biogenic amine producing ability and haemolytic activity. The probiotic isolate E. faecalis K2 may have potential for application for management of hypercholesterolemia related coronary heart diseases, however, after thorough in vivo investigation

Cholesterol lowering and antioxidant potential of probiotic bacteria isolated from locally fermented milk product kalarei

363-372Probiotics due to their multifaceted health promoting attributes have gained immense research impetus in recent years. The current study reports the hypocholesterolemic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from indigenous sources. LAB may use several mechanisms for lowering serum cholesterol level viz. cholesterol assimilation, bile salt deconjugation, and cholesterol adsorption on cell surface of live, resting and dead probiotic cells. Cholesterol lowering is generally a strain dependent phenomenon, and different LAB isolates exhibited varying level of hypocholesterolemic effects. Among the LAB isolates, K2 i.e. Enterococcus faecalis K2 showed the highest in vitro cholesterol lowering ability (82.32%), and strong bile salt deconjugation potential, and released about 128.43 µM/mL of cholic acid upon bile salt deconjugation. Furthermore, cholesterol removal by live, resting and dead E. faecalis K2 probiotic cells was shown to the extent of 72.46, 44.93, and 45.88%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy displayed appreciable adherence of cholesterol on to the cellular surfaces of E. faecalis K2 cells. The antioxidant potential of the cell free cultural fluid of LAB isolates was quite variable. LAB isolate E. faecalis K2 showed appreciable DPPH radical scavenging activity (37.36%), hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (26.35%), and superoxide radical scavenging ability (42.67%). Most of the LAB probiotic isolates were susceptible to conventionally used antibiotics, and lacked biogenic amine producing ability and haemolytic activity. The probiotic isolate E. faecalis K2 may have potential for application for management of hypercholesterolemia related coronary heart diseases, however, after thorough in vivo investigation

Cholesterol lowering and antioxidant potential of probiotic bacteria isolated from locally fermented milk product kalarei

363-372Probiotics due to their multifaceted health promoting attributes have gained immense research impetus in recent years. The current study reports the hypocholesterolemic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from indigenous sources. LAB may use several mechanisms for lowering serum cholesterol level viz. cholesterol assimilation, bile salt deconjugation, and cholesterol adsorption on cell surface of live, resting and dead probiotic cells. Cholesterol lowering is generally a strain dependent phenomenon, and different LAB isolates exhibited varying level of hypocholesterolemic effects. Among the LAB isolates, K2 i.e. Enterococcus faecalis K2 showed the highest in vitro cholesterol lowering ability (82.32%), and strong bile salt deconjugation potential, and released about 128.43 µM/mL of cholic acid upon bile salt deconjugation. Furthermore, cholesterol removal by live, resting and dead E. faecalis K2 probiotic cells was shown to the extent of 72.46, 44.93, and 45.88%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy displayed appreciable adherence of cholesterol on to the cellular surfaces of E. faecalis K2 cells. The antioxidant potential of the cell free cultural fluid of LAB isolates was quite variable. LAB isolate E. faecalis K2 showed appreciable DPPH radical scavenging activity (37.36%), hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (26.35%), and superoxide radical scavenging ability (42.67%). Most of the LAB probiotic isolates were susceptible to conventionally used antibiotics, and lacked biogenic amine producing ability and haemolytic activity. The probiotic isolate E. faecalis K2 may have potential for application for management of hypercholesterolemia related coronary heart diseases, however, after thorough in vivo investigation

Design of experiments for enhanced production of bioactive exopolysaccharides from indigenous probiotic lactic acid bacteria

539-551Exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by several bacteria including the probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) not only help them to execute certain vital life functions, but offers huge potential for applications in sectors like medical/pharmaceutical, food, agriculture, and environmental health. However, low yield of EPS from probiotic LAB has always been a challenge. Previously we have reported that EPS from two LAB probiotic strains i.e. Enterococcus faecium K1 (isolate from kalarei), and Lactobacillus paracasei M7 (isolate from human breast milk) possessed several bioactive functional attributes like hypocholesterolemic activity, antioxidant potential, antibiofilm activity, antimicrobial activity, emulsification ability, and desirable physiochemical properties. However, the EPS yield was low. Current study reports optimization of process variables by Design of Experiments (DoE) to enhance EPS yield from these bacteria. The most effective process variables for EPS production were earmarked for E. faecium K1 (lactose, ammonium citrate, incubation time and pH), and for L. paracasei M7 (glucose, incubation time and pH), by Plackett–Burman design, and the same were optimized using central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The EPS yield from E. faecium K1 was enhanced by 101.40% at optimal level of variables (lactose 10.07 g/L, ammonium citrate 2.49 g/L, incubation time 94.05 h and pH 5.4). Similarly, EPS yield was enhanced by 79.6% from L. paracasei M7 using optimal level of variables (glucose 10 g/L, incubation time 48 h and pH 7.6). Thus, DoE represents a powerful approach for optimization of process variables

Probiotics in Pediatrics

653-661The gut microbiota is critically important for development and maturation of the mucosal immune system right from birth till the whole life. The development of the immune system in neonates is especially important because it is not fully matured. However, its growth begins before birth. It depends on various factors like mode of delivery, mother’s microbiota, antibiotic consumption, mother’s milk, eating habits of infants and other environmental factors. Alterations in gut microbiota (dysbiosis) may disturb the gut homeostasis, and hamper the development of immune system. However, dysbiosis in infants may be averted by administration of probiotics. Mother’s milk contains various nutritive components along with some beneficial bacteria, probiotics (lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) which help in the development of gut microbiome of the infant. Probiotics, in particular, serve an important role in sustaining eubiosis in an infant's body. Any dysbiotic condition, particularly in infants, may be associated with a number of diseases/disorders like diarrhea, gastrointestinal problems, and allergic issues. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one such common allergic problem prevalent in paediatrics. The probiotics serve as modulators of immune response and acts as immunobiotics. AD-related inflammation can be successfully managed by the intervention of probiotics. This review presents the potential of probiotics for proper development of infants’ immune system, and for prevention and treatment of various diseases, especially the ever-rising cases of AD

Probiotics in Pediatrics

The gut microbiota is critically important for development and maturation of the mucosal immune system right from birth till the whole life. The development of the immune system in neonates is especially important because it is not fully matured. However, its growth begins before birth. It depends on various factors like mode of delivery, mother’s microbiota, antibiotic consumption, mother’s milk, eating habits of infants and other environmental factors. Alterations in gut microbiota (dysbiosis) may disturb the gut homeostasis, and hamper the development of immune system. However, dysbiosis in infants may be averted by administration of probiotics. Mother’s milk contains various nutritive components along with some beneficial bacteria, probiotics (lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) which help in the development of gut microbiome of the infant. Probiotics, in particular, serve an important role in sustaining eubiosis in an infant's body. Any dysbiotic condition, particularly in infants, may be associated with a number of diseases/disorders like diarrhea, gastrointestinal problems, and allergic issues. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one such common allergic problem prevalent in paediatrics. The probiotics serve as modulators of immune response and acts as immunobiotics. AD-related inflammation can be successfully managed by the intervention of probiotics. This review presents the potential of probiotics for proper development of infants’ immune system, and for prevention and treatment of various diseases, especially the ever-rising cases of AD

Probiotic functional attributes of lactic acid bacteria from indigenously fermented milk product kalarei

546-557Immense variations among probiotics for health promoting effects have motivated the research impetus on bioprospecting of new/novel probiotic strains from exotic sources. In the current study, we isolated 20 lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains from indigenous fermented milk food (kalarei) and evaluated their survival in simulated gastrointestinal juice (GIJ) and functional properties. Six LAB isolates showed high viability (94-99%; log cfu/mL 9.01-11.10). The phenol tolerance assay showed that isolates BK1 and BK2 had high viability of 91.15% and 90.32%, respectively. However, other isolates have shown moderate phenol tolerance (viability 53-82%). The selected LAB isolates were screened for probiotic functional attributes viz. hydrophobicity, autoaggregation and coaggregation. Results revealed that the selected LAB isolates had efficient adhesion ability, autoaggregation and coaggregation ability. Additionally, LAB isolates were investigated for antibiotic susceptibility and antioxidant potential. For ABTS radical scavenging assay, the highest antioxidant activity was shown by isolate BK2 (90.60%), while for DPPH radical scavenging assay, the highest antioxidant activity was shown by BK1 (89.32%). The isolates BK1 and BK2 which have shown promising probiotic functional attributes were identified based on 16S rDNA sequencing as the strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and designated as L. plantarum BK1 OQ927190 and L. plantarum BK2 OQ927187, respectively