Exosomes and autophagy: coordinated mechanisms for the maintenance of cellular fitness

Conditions resulting from loss of cellular homeostasis, including oxidative stress, inflammation, protein aggregation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, metabolic stress, and perturbation of mitochondrial function, are common to many pathological disorders and contribute to aging. Cells face these stress situations by engaging quality control mechanisms aimed to restore cellular homeostasis and preserve cell viability. Among them, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway mediates the specific degradation of damaged proteins and organelles, and its proper function is related to cellular protection and increased life span in many model organisms. Besides autophagy, increasing evidence underscores a role for exosomes in the selective secretion of harmful/damaged proteins and RNAs and thus in the maintenance of cellular fitness. In this perspective article, we discuss the emerging function of exosomes as a means of alleviating intracellular stress conditions, and how secretion of harmful or unwanted material in exosomes, in coordination with the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, is essential to preserve intracellular protein and RNA homeostasis. Finally, we provide an overview about the consequences of the spreading of the exosome content in physiological and pathological situations, and suggest putative therapeutic strategies for these exosome-mediated alterations.S

Estrategia de discontinuación del tratamiento con eltrombopag en pacientes con trombocitopenia inmune primaria crónica. Una revisión sistemática

La trombocitopenia inmune primaria, es una enfermedad adquirida caracterizada por una destrucción acelerada de las plaquetas y una producción deficiente de las mismas. Como tratamiento de segunda línea están indicados los análogos del receptor de la trombopoyetina (aTPO), como eltrombopag. Las altas tasas de respuestas duraderas obligan a considerar la posibilidad de discontinuación manteniendo una respuesta sostenida. El objetivo consiste en analizar la producción científica sobre los resultados obtenidos de la bibliografía acerca de la posibilidad de realizar una discontinuación en el tratamiento con eltrombopag en pacientes con PTI crónica.Chronic immune thrombocytopenia is an acquired disease characterized by an accelerated platelet destruction and their deficient production. Thromboprotein receptor agonists, such as eltrombopag, are indicated as second-line treatment. However, the high and durable response rates force us to think about the possibility of discontinuation. The objective of this work is to analyze the results obtained from scientific production about the possibility of discontinuing treatment with eltrombopag in patients with chronic ITP.Medicin

Cultivo sin suelo de hortalizas. Aspectos Prácticos y Experiencias.

Por cultivo sin suelo, se entiende cualquier sistema que no emplea el suelo para su desarrollo, pudiéndose cultivar en una solución nutritiva, o sobre cualquier sustrato con adición de solución nutriente. La terminología es diversa, aunque originalmente la denominación es la de cultivos hidropónicos, que es como coloquialmente más se le conoce. Fue el Dr. W. F. Gericke el que acuñó la palabra “hidropónico” para designar este tipo de cultivo. Cultivo hidropónico procede de las letras griegas hydro (agua) y ponos (trabajo), literalmente trabajo en agua, este término es conocido mundialmente y únicamente varía la pronunciación (Steiner A., 1968). Se consideran sistemas de cultivo hidropónico, aquellos que se desarrollan en una solución nutritiva o en sustratos totalmente inertes y a los sistemas que cultivan en sustratos orgánicos, como cultivo sin suelo. Existen incluso autores que prefieren no incluir el cultivo en sacos de turba como sistemas de cultivo sin suelo. La terminología “Cultivo sin Suelo” es empleada literalmente en otros idiomas, soiless culture, culture senza terreno, culture sans sol

Técnicas de cultivo al aire libre y sandía sin pepitas

Con riego a pie es fundamental una buena nivelación. En ese caso, antes de la preparación de los surcos de riego debe pasarse una niveladora láser. La raíz de la sandía puede alcanzar bastante profundidad, por lo que la preparación del suelo debe comprender algunas labores que remuevan horizontes profundos. Es bastante usual el empleo de subsolador, seguido de pases de grada o fresadora. Es conveniente iniciar cuanto antes la preparación del terreno, si la situación del cultivo en la rotación lo permite y tratar de destruir la mayor cantidad posible de malas hierbas, mediante labores superficiales continuadas. Cuando el riego es superficial, la última labor es para preparar el riego y la plantación. Se pueden hacer surcos, coincidiendo con las líneas de plantación, cuando los primeros riegos se han de dar con estos surcos o pequeños caballones, en cuya cresta se planta, regándose por inundación todo el terreno

Effect of prime type on lexical decisión time

Present investigation concerns the issues of the control condition and type of related prime-target relationship operationalization in the lexical-decision paradigm

Effect of Deficit Irrigation on the Productive Response of Drip-irrigated Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Mediterranean Conditions

[EN] Water is an essential resource for food production, and agriculture consumes close to 69% of total freshwater use. Water shortage is becoming critical in arid and semiarid areas worldwide; therefore, it is vital to use water efficiently. The objective of this research was to evaluate the response of onion growth, plant water status, bulb yield, irrigation water use efficiency and bulb quality using three continued deficit strategies, applying 100, 75, and 50% of the irrigation water requirements during three seasons. The yield response factor was 0.71, indicating that in the analysed conditions the crop was tolerant to a water deficit. Compared to full irrigation, deficit irrigation with 75% of the irrigation water requirements resulted in a low yield and profit reduction for the growers (10.3% and 10.9%, respectively), but also important water savings (26.6%), improving both the irrigation water use efficiency and water use efficiency. However, onion exposure to severe water deficits at 50% of the irrigation water requirements drastically reduced plant growth and bulb yield and growers' profits, although it did increase their soluble solid content. Irrigating at 75% of the irrigation water requirements could be an actionable strategy for onion production under water-limited conditions.Abdelkhalik, A.; Pascual-Seva, N.; Nájera, I.; Domene, MA.; Baixauli Soria, C.; Pascual España, B. (2019). Effect of Deficit Irrigation on the Productive Response of Drip-irrigated Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Mediterranean Conditions. Horticulture Journal. 88(4):488-498. https://doi.org/10.2503/hortj.UTD-081S48849888

Multi-constellation GNSS interferometric reflectometry with mass-market sensors as a solution for soil moisture monitoring

[EN] Per capita arable land is decreasing due to the rapidly increasing population, and fresh water is becoming scarce and more expensive. Therefore, farmers should continue to use technology and innovative solutions to improve efficiency, save input costs, and optimise environmental resources (such as water). In the case study presented in this paper, the Global Navigation Satellite System interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) technique was used to monitor soil moisture during 66¿d, from 3 December 2018 to 6 February 2019, in the installations of the Cajamar Centre of Experiences, Paiporta, Valencia, Spain. Two main objectives were pursued. The first was the extension of the technique to a multi-constellation solution using GPS, GLONASS, and GALILEO satellites, and the second was to test whether mass-market sensors could be used for this technique. Both objectives were achieved. At the same time that the GNSS observations were made, soil samples taken at 5¿cm depth were used for soil moisture determination to establish a reference data set. Based on a comparison with that reference data set, all GNSS solutions, including the three constellations and the two sensors (geodetic and mass market), were highly correlated, with a correlation coefficient between 0.7 and 0.85.Martín Furones, ÁE.; Ibañez Asensio, S.; Baixauli, C.; Blanc Clavero, S.; Anquela Julián, AB. (2020). Multi-constellation GNSS interferometric reflectometry with mass-market sensors as a solution for soil moisture monitoring. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 24(7):3573-3582. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3573-2020S35733582247Chan, S. K., Bindlish, R., O'Neill, P. E., Njoku, E., Jackson, T., Colliander, A., Chen, F., Burgin, M., Dunbar, S., Piepmeier, J., Yueh, S., Entekhabi, D., Cosh, M. H., Caldwell, T., Walker, J., Wu, X., Berg, A., Rowlandson, T., Pacheco, A., McNairn, H., Thibeault, M., Martiìnez-Fernaìndez, J., Gonzaìlez-Zamora, A., Seyfried, M., Bosch, D., Starks, P., Goodrich, D., Prueger, J., Palecki, M., Small, E. E., Zreda, M., Calvet, J.-C., Crow, W., and Kerr, Y.: Assessment of the SMAP passive soil moisture product, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 54, 4994–5007, 2016.Chen, Q., Won, D., Akos, D. M., and Small, E. E.: Vegetation using GPS interferometric reflectometry: experimental results with a horizontal polarized antenna, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 9, 4771–4780, 2016.Chew, C. C., Small, E. E., Larson, K. M., and Zavorotny, V. U.: Effects of near-surface soil moisture on GPS SNR data: development and retrieval algorithm for soil moisture, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 52, 537–543, 2014.Chew, C. C., Small, E. E., Larson, K. M., and Zavorotny, U.Z.: Vegetation sensing using GPS-interferometric reflectometry: theoretical effects of canopy parameters on signal-to-noise ratio data, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 53, 2755–2764, 2015.Chew, C. C., Small, E. E., and Larson, K. M.: An algorithm for soil moisture estimation using GPS-interferometric reflectometry for bare and vegetated soil, GPS Solut., 20, 525–537, 2016.Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., and Wasle, E.: GNSS Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO and more, Springer, Vienna, Austria, New York, USA, 2008.Katzberg, S. J., Torres, O., Grant, M. S., and Masters, D.: Utilizing calibrated GPS reflected signals to estimate soil reflectivity and dielectric constant: results from SMEX02, Remote Sens. Environ., 100, 17–28, 2005.Kerr, Y., Waldteufel, P., Wigneron, J., Martinuzzi, J., Font, J., and Berger, M.: Soil moisture retrieval from space: The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 39, 1729–1735, 2001.Larson, K. M. and Nievinski, F. G.: GPS snow sensing: results from the EarthScope plate boundary observatory, GPS Solut., 17, 41–52, 2013.Larson, K. M., Small, E. E., Gutmann, E. D., Bilich, A. L., Axelrad, A., and Braun, J. J.: Using GPS multipath to measure soil moisture fluctuations: initial results, GPS Solut., 12, 173–177, 2008a.Larson, K. M., Small, E. E., Gutmann, E. D., Bilich, A. L., Braun, J. J., and Zavorotny, V. U.: Use of GPS receivers as a soil moisture network for water cycle studies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L24405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036013, 2008b.Larson, K. M., Braun, J. J., Small, E. E., and Zavorotny, V. U.: GPS multipath and its relation to near-surface soil moisture content, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 3, 91–99, 2010.Leick, A., Rapoport, L., and Tatarnikov, D.: GPS satellite surveying, 4th edn., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, 840 pp., 2015.Li, G. and Geng, J.: Characteristics of raw multi-GNSS measurement error from Google Android smart devices, GPS Solut., 23, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0885-4, 2019.Lomb, N. R.: Least-squares frequency – Analysis of unequally spaced data, Astrophys. Space Sci., 39, 447–462, 1976.Masters, D., Axelrad, P., and Katzberg, S.: Initial results of land-reflected GPS bistatic radar measurements in SMEX02, Remote Sens. Environ., 92, 507–520, 2002.Mattia, F., Balenzano, A., Satalino, G., Lovergine, F., Peng, J., Wegmuller, U., Cartus, O., Davidson, M. W. J., Ki<span id="page3582"/>m S., Johnson, J., Walker, J., Wu, X., Pauwels, V. R. N., McNairn, H., Caldwell, T., Cosh, M., and Jackson, T.: Sentinel-1 & Sentinel-2 for SOIL Moisture Retrieval at Field Scale, IGARSS 2018–2018, IEEE I. Geosci. Rem. Sens. Symposium, 22–27 July 2018, Valencia, Spain, 6143–6146, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8518170, 2018.Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. S., Vetterling, W. T., and Flannery, B. P.: Numerical recipes in Fortran 77, vol. 1, 2nd edn., Cambirdge University Press, New York, USA, 569–573, 1992.Roesler, C. and Larson, K. M.: Software tools for GNSS interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR), GPS Solut., 22, 80, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-018-0744-8, 2018.Roussel, N., Frappart, F., Ramillien, G., Darroes, J., Baup, F., Lestarquit, L., and Ha, M. C.: Detection of soil moisture variations using GPS and GLONASS SNR data for elevation angles ranging from 2∘ to 70∘, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 9, 4781–4794, 2016.Small, E. E., Larson, K. M., Chew, C. C., Dong, J., and Ochsner, T. E.: Validation of GPS-IR soil moisture retrievals: comparison of different algorithms to remove vegetation effects, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 9, 4759–4770, 2016.Strang, G. and Borre, K.: Linear algebra, Geodesy and GPS, Wellesley-Cambride Press, 624 pp., available at: https://www.unavco.org/data/gps-gnss/derived-products/pbo-h2o/documentation/documentation.html#soil (last access: 18 December 2019), 1997.Vey, S., Güntner, A., Wickert, J., Blume, T., and Ramatschi, M.: Long-term soil moisture dynamics derived from GNSS interferometric reflectometry: a case study for Sutherland, South Africa, GPS Solut., 20, 641–654, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-015-0474-0, 2016.Wan, W., Larson, K. M., Small, E. E., Chew, C. C., and Braun, J. J.: Using geodetic GPS receivers to measure vegetation water content, GPS Solut., 19, 237–248, 2015.Zavorotny, V. U., Masters, D., Gasiewski, A., Bartram, B., Katzberg, S., Aselrad, P., and Zamora, R.: Seasonal polarimetric measurements of soil moisture using tower-based GPS bistatic radar, IGARSS 2003, 2003 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37477), Toulouse, France, 2003, vol. 2, 781–783, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2003.1293916, 2003.Zhang, S., Roussel, N., Boniface, K., Ha, M. C., Frappart, F., Darrozes, J., Baup, F., and Calvet, J.-C.: Use of reflected GNSS SNR data to retrieve either soil moisture or vegetation height from a wheat crop, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4767–4784, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4767-2017, 2017

Python software to transform GPS SNR wave phases to volumetric water content

[EN] The global navigation satellite system interferometric reflectometry is often used to extract information about the environment surrounding the antenna. One of the most important applications is soil moisture monitoring. This manuscript presents the main ideas and implementation decisions needed to write the Python code to transform the derived phase of the interferometric GPS waves, obtained from signal-to-noise ratio data continuously observed during a period of several weeks (or months), to volumetric water content. The main goal of the manuscript is to share the software with the scientific community to help users in the GPS-IR computation.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature.Martín Furones, ÁE.; Anquela Julián, AB.; Ibañez Asensio, S.; Baixauli Soria, C.; Blanc Clavero, S. (2022). Python software to transform GPS SNR wave phases to volumetric water content. GPS Solutions. 26(1):1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-021-01190-315261Chen Q, Won D, Akos DM, Small EE (2016) Vegetation using GPS interferometric reflectometry: experimental results with a horizontal polarized antenna. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 9(10):4771–4780Chew CC, Small EE, Larson KM, Zavorotny VU (2014) Effects of near-surface soil moisture on GPS SNR data: development and retrieval algorithm for soil moisture. IEEE T Geosci Remote Sens 52(1):537–543Chew CC, Small EE, Larson KM, Zavorotny UZ (2015) Vegetation sensing using GPS-interferometric reflectometry: theoretical effects of canopy parameters on signal-to-noise ratio data. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 53(5):2755–2764Chew CC, Small EE, Larson KM (2016) An algorithm for soil moisture estimation using GPS-interferometric reflectometry for bare and vegetated soil. GPS Solut 20(3):525–537Larson KM, Nievinski FG (2013) GPS snow sensing: results from the earthscope plate boundary observatory. GPS Solut 17(1):41–52Larson KM, Small EE (2015) PBO H2O data portal: documentation and derived data products. https://www.unavco.org/data/gps-gnss/derived-products/pbo-h2o/documentation/documentation.html#soil. Accessed Dec 2019Larson KM, Small EE, Gutmann ED, Bilich AL, Axelrad A, Braun JJ (2008a) Using GPS multipath to measure soil moisture fluctuations: initial results. GPS Solut 12(3):173–177Larson KM, Small EE, Gutmann ED, Bilich AL, Braun JJ, Zavorotny VU (2008b) Use of GPS receivers as a soil moisture network for water cycle studies. Geophys Res Lett 35:L24405. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036013Larson KM, Braun JJ, Small EE, Zavorotny VU (2010) GPS multipath and its relation to near-surface soil moisture content. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 3(1):91–99Martín A, Ibañez S, Baixauli C, Blanc S, Anquela AB (2020a) Multi-constellation interferometric reflectometry with mass-market sensors as a solution for soil moisture monitoring. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3573-2020Martín A, Luján R, Anquela AB (2020b) Python software tools for GNSS interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR). GPS Solut 24:94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-020-01010-0Nievinski GG, Larson KM (2014) An open source GPS multipath simulator in Matlab/Octave. GPS Solut 18:473–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-014-0370-zRoesler C, Larson KM (2018) Software tools for GNSS interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR). GPS Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-018-0744-8Roussel N, Frappart F, Ramillien G, Darroes J, Baup F, Lestarquit L, Ha MC (2016) Detection of soil moisture variations using GPS and GLONASS SNR data for elevation angles ranging from 2 to 70°. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 9(10):4781–4794Small EE, Larson KM, Chew CC, Dong J, Ochsner TE (2016) Validation of GPS-IR soil moisture retrievals: comparison of different algorithms to remove vegetation effects. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 9(10):4759–4770Vey S, Güntner A, Wickert J, Blume T, Ramatschi M (2016) Long-term soil moisture dynamics derived from GNSS interferometric reflectometry: a case study for Sutherland, South Africa. GPS Solut 20:641–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-015-0474-0Wan W, Larson KM, Small EE, Chew CC, Braun JJ (2015) Using geodetic GPS receivers to measure vegetation water content. GPS Solut 19:237–248Zhang S, Roussel N, Boniface K, Ha MC, Frappart F, Darrozes J, Baup F, Calvet JC (2017) Use of reflected GNSS SNR data to retrieve either soil moisture or vegetation height from a wheat crop. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 21:4767–478

Estudio de técnicas de mejora de la producción de dos selecciones de tomate valenciano

[ES] El tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) y sus diferentes selecciones de valenciano, son muy apreciados por consumidores a nivel local, debido a sus buenas características organolépticas. Estas selecciones no han sido sometidas a procesos de mejora genética, siendo el agricultor por selección masal quién conserva la semilla. En esta experiencia se utilizaron 2 selecciones de tomate valenciano, en las que se comparó planta injertada sobre el cv Arnold y planta sin injertar, con sistema de cultivo sin suelo, para lo cual se compararon 2 volúmenes de fibra de coco: sacos de 18 y 28,8 l compuestos de una mezcla de 70% de fibra de coco y 30% de chips de coco. La experiencia se desarrolló en ciclo de primavera en un multitúnel con cubierta de malla de 14x10 hilos de polietileno. El riego fue independiente para cada volumen de sustrato, con una dotación de riego que se calculó a partir de la hipótesis de nivel de agotamiento del 10%, considerando drenaje del 30%. La mayor producción comercial se obtuvo con el menor volumen de sustrato, sobre este se obtuvo un mayor destrío por podredumbre apical. La planta injertada produjo más que la planta sin injertar, con un mayor peso medio de los frutos, vigor de las plantas y menor destrío. Se observaron diferencias de comportamiento productivo entre selecciones, así como interacciones en la producción de destrío y vigor de las plantas.[EN] The tomato Valenciano is very appreciated by consumers, especially in the province of Valencia, due to its good organoleptic characteristics. These cultivars do not have resistance to pests and diseases. The farmer himself, after a mass selection, is who mainly develop the tasks of conservation and reproduction of the seeds. Two cultivars of tomato valenciano were used for the development of the experience and they were analyzed different crop management. On the one hand it was studied the behavior of the plant that it was grafted on the cv Arnold and it was compared with a control without grafting. On the other hand the experiment was carried out in a soilless system and they were compared 2 coconut fiber volumes: on the basis of 18 liters and 28.8 liters sacks, both of them composed of a mixture of 70% of coconut fiber and 30% of coconut chips. The experience was developed in the spring cycle in a multitunnel mesh cover of 14x10 threads of polyethylene. Irrigation was independent for each substrate volume. The watering regime was determined on the basis of the hypothesis of 10-30% depletion level from the drainage. The largest commercial production was obtained with the lower volume sack and there had also been an increase amount of non-commercial yield, as a result of fruits affected by blossom end rot. Grafted plants achieved a greater commercial production that plants without grafting. Moreover, those ones grafted reached also a higher average weight of the fruits and lower noncommercial production, mainly due to the elevated incidence of blossom end rot in plants without grafting. Grafted plants were more vigorous than those ones non- grafted. There were detected differences between cultivars for productive performance, as well as interactions for non-commercial production and plant vigor.Aguilar, J.; Giner, A.; Baixauli, C.; Nájera, I.; Núñez, A. (2020). Estudio de técnicas de mejora de la producción de dos selecciones de tomate valenciano. En I Congrés de la Tomaca Valenciana: La Tomaca Valenciana d'El Perelló. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 21-28. https://doi.org/10.4995/TOMAVAL2017.2017.6378OCS212

Efectos de la fertilización orgánica en cultivos hortícolas: producción, balance de nutrientes y de materia orgánica

En una parcela del I.V.I.A. en Moncada (Valencia), se ha realizado un ensayo en condiciones de campo con seis tratamientos de fertilización: testigo, fertilización mineral, fertilización órgano- mineral (con fertilizante mineral + estiércol de ovino y gallinaza, respectivamente) y fertilización orgánica (con estiércol de ovino y gallinaza). La secuencia de cultivos implantados ha sido: alcachofa 1er año, alcachofa 2º año, lechuga, patata y bróculi. El riego se ha realizado mediante el sistema de inundación. Las parcelas elementales con fertilización orgánica se han cultivado siguiendo las técnicas de Agricultura Ecológica, mientras que en las restantes parcelas se han aplicado prácticas de cultivo convencional. Los resultados de producción indican que excepto en el cultivo de alcachofa 2º año en el que la fertilización orgánica registró los rendimientos más bajos, en los restantes cultivos, la fertilización orgánica dio producciones similares o algo más altas que las obtenidas con la fertilización mineral. En relación a los balances de nutrientes, la fertilización orgánica produjo los excedentes más altos de nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio y magnesio. Asimismo, la fertilización orgánica, unida a la incorporación de los restos de cultivos, permitió un considerable incremento en el nivel de materia orgánica del suelo. Y el excedente de la materia humificada obtenido mediante un modelo teórico resultó estrechamente correlacionado con el incremento de materia orgánica reflejado por el análisis químico del suelo