4,121 research outputs found
Pair creation by a photon in a strong magnetic field
The process of pair creation by a photon in a strong magnetic field is
investigated basing on the polarization operator in the field. The total
probability of the process is found in a relatively simple form. The
probability exhibits a "saw-tooth" pattern because of divergences arising when
the electron and positron are created at threshold of the Landau energy levels.
The pattern will be washed out at averaging over any smooth photon energy
distribution. The new results are obtained in the scope of the quasiclassical
approach: 1) in the case when the magnetic field is the
critical field) the new formulation extends the photon energy interval to the
case when the created particles are not ultrarelativistic; 2) the correction to
the standard quasiclassical approximation is found showing the range of
applicability of the approach at high photon energy as well. The very important
conclusion is that for both cases and the results of
the quasiclassical calculation are very close to averaged probabilities of
exact theory in a very wide range of photon energies. The quasiclassical
approximation is valid also for the energy distribution if the electron and
positron are created on enough high levels.Comment: 21 pages, 6 figure
On the Angular Dependence of the Radiative Gluon Spectrum
The induced momentum spectrum of soft gluons radiated from a high energy
quark produced in and propagating through a QCD medium is reexamined in the
BDMPS formalism. A mistake in our published work (Physical Review C60 (1999)
064902) is corrected. The correct dependence of the fractional induced loss
as a universal function of the variable
where is the size of the medium and
the transport coefficient is presented. We add the proof that the
radiated gluon momentum spectrum derived in our formalism is equivalent with
the one derived in the Zakharov-Wiedemann approach.Comment: LaTex, 5 pages, 1 figur
Saturation and shadowing in high-energy proton-nucleus dilepton production
We discuss the inclusive dilepton cross section for proton (quark)-nucleus
collisions at high energies in the very forward rapidity region. Starting from
the calculation in the quasi-classical approximation, we include low-x
evolution effects in the nucleus and predict leading twist shadowing together
with anomalous scaling behaviour.Comment: 32 pages, LaTex, 6 figures, a few modifications of the tex
Luminosity segregation in galaxy clusters as an indication of dynamical evolution
Theoretical models describing the dynamical evolution of self-gravitating systems predict a spatial mass segregation for more evolved systems, with the more massive objects concentrated toward the center of the configuration. From the observational point of view, however, the existence of mass segregation in galaxy clusters seems to be a matter of controversy. A special problem in this connection is the formation of cD galaxies in the centers of galaxy clusters. The most promising scenarios of their formation are galaxy cannibalism (merger scenario) and growing by cooling flows. It seems to be plausible to consider the swallowing of smaller systems by a dominant galaxy as an important process in the evolution of a cD galaxy. The stage of the evolution of the dominant galaxy should be reflected by the surrounding galaxy population, especially by possible mass segregation effects. Assuming that mass segregation is tantamount to luminosity segregation we analyzed luminosity segregation in roughly 40 cD galaxy clusters. Obviously there are three different groups of clusters: (1) clusters with luminosity segregation, (2) clusters without luminosity segregation, and (3) such objects exhibiting a phenomenon which we call antisegregation in luminosity, i.e. a deficiency of bright galaxies in the central regions of clusters. This result is interpreted in the sense of different degrees of mass segregation and as an indication for different evolution stages of these clusters. The clusters are arranged in the three segregation classes 2, 1, and 0 (S2 = strong mass segregation, S1 = moderate mass segregation, S0 = weak or absent mass segregation). We assume that a galaxy cluster starts its dynamical evolution after virialization without any radial mass segregation. Energy exchange during encounters of cluster members as well as merger processes between cluster galaxies lead to an increasing radial mass segregation in the cluster (S1). If a certain degree of segregation (S2) has been established, an essential number of slow-moving and relative massive cluster members in the center will be cannibalized by the initial brightest cluster galaxy. This process should lead to the growing of the predominate galaxy, which is accompanied by a diminution of the mass segregation (transition to S1 and S0, respectively) in the neighborhood of the central very massive galaxy. An increase of the areal density of brighter galaxies towards the outer cluster regions (antisegregation of luminosity), i.e. an extreme low degree of mass segregation was estimated for a substantial percentage of cD clusters. This result favors the cannibalism scenario for the formation of cD galaxies
Do free trade agreements actually increase members’ international trade?
For more than forty years, the gravity equation has been a workhorse for cross-country empirical analyses of international trade flows and, in particular, the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) on trade flows. However, the gravity equation is subject to the same econometric critique as earlier cross-industry studies of U.S. tariff and nontariff barriers and U.S. multilateral imports: Trade policy is not an exogenous variable. The authors address econometrically the endogeneity of FTAs using instrumental-variable (IV) techniques, control-function (CF) techniques, and panel-data techniques; IV and CF approaches do not adjust for endogeneity well, but a panel-data approach does. Accounting econometrically for the FTA variable’s endogeneity yields striking empirical results: The effect of FTAs on trade flows is quintupled.
Photon splitting in a laser field
Photon splitting due to vacuum polarization in a laser field is considered.
Using an operator technique, we derive the amplitudes for arbitrary strength,
spectral content and polarization of the laser field. The case of a
monochromatic circularly polarized laser field is studied in detail and the
amplitudes are obtained as three-fold integrals. The asymptotic behavior of the
amplitudes for various limits of interest are investigated also in the case of
a linearly polarized laser field. Using the obtained results, the possibility
of experimental observation of the process is discussed.Comment: 31 pages, 4 figure
A Modified "Bottom-up" Thermalization in Heavy Ion Collisions
In the initial stage of the bottom-up picture of thermalization in heavy ion
collisions, the gluon distribution is highly anisotropic which can give rise to
plasma instability. This has not been taken account in the original paper. It
is shown that in the presence of instability there are scaling solutions, which
depend on one parameter, that match smoothly onto the late stage of bottom-up
when thermalization takes place.Comment: 8 pages and 1 embedded figure, talk presented at the Workshop on
"Quark-Gluon Plasma Thermalization", Vienna, Austria, 10-12 August 200
Angular Dependence of the Radiative Gluon Spectrum and the Energy Loss of Hard Jets in QCD Media
The induced momentum spectrum of soft gluons radiated from a high energy
quark propagating through a QCD medium is derived in the BDMPS formalism. A
calorimetric measurement for the medium dependent energy lost by a jet with
opening angle is proposed.The fraction of this energy
loss with respect to the integrated one appears to be the relevant
observable.It exhibits a universal behaviour in terms of the variable
where is the size of the medium and
the transport coefficient. Phenomenological implications for the
differences between cold and hot QCD matter are discussed.Comment: 13 pages and 7 figures, RevTe
Carbonates in space - The challenge of low temperature data
Carbonates have repeatedly been discussed as possible carriers of stardust
emission bands. However, the band assignments proposed so far were mainly based
on room temperature powder transmission spectra of the respective minerals.
Since very cold calcite grains have been claimed to be present in protostars
and in Planetary Nebulae such as NGC 6302, the changes of their dielectric
functions at low temperatures are relevant from an astronomical point of view.
We have derived the IR optical constants of calcite and dolomite from
reflectance spectra - measured at 300, 200, 100 and 10K - and calculated small
particle spectra for different grain shapes, with the following results: i) The
absorption efficiency factors both of calcite and dolomite are extremely
dependent on the particle shapes. This is due to the high peak values of the
optical constants of CaCO3 and CaMg[CO3]2. ii) The far infrared properties of
calcite and dolomite depend also very significantly on the temperature. Below
200K, a pronounced sharpening and increase in the band strengths of the FIR
resonances occurs. iii) In view of the intrinsic strength and sharpening of the
44 mum band of calcite at 200-100K, the absence of this band -- inferred from
Infrared Space Observatory data -- in PNe requires dust temperatures below 45K.
iv) Calcite grains at such low temperatures can account for the '92' mum band,
while our data rule out dolomite as the carrier of the 60-65 mum band. The
optical constants here presented are publicly available in the electronic
database http://www.astro.uni-jena.de/Laboratory/OCDBComment: 20 pages, 10 figures, accepted by ApJ, corrected typo
Laser-dressed vacuum polarization in a Coulomb field
We investigate quantum electrodynamic effects under the influence of an
external, time-dependent electromagnetic field, which mediates dynamic
modifications of the radiative corrections. Specifically, we consider the
quantum electrodynamic vacuum-polarization tensor under the influence of two
external background fields: a strong laser field and a nuclear Coulomb field.
We calculate the charge and current densities induced by a nuclear Coulomb
field in the presence of a laser field. We find the corresponding induced
scalar and vector potentials. The induced potential, in first-order
perturbation theory, leads to a correction to atomic energy levels. The
external laser field breaks the rotational symmetry of the system.
Consequently, the induced charge density is not spherically symmetric, and the
energy correction therefore leads to a "polarized Lamb shift." In particular,
the laser generates an additional potential with a quadrupole moment. The
corresponding laser-dressed vacuum-polarization potential behaves like 1/r**3
at large distances, unlike the Uehling potential that vanishes exponentially
for large r. Our investigation might be useful for other situations where
quantum field theoretic phenomena are subjected to external fields of a rather
involved structure.Comment: 13 pages, RevTe
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