Impurity scattering and Friedel oscillations in mono-layer black phosphorus

We study the effect of impurity scattering effect in black phosphorurene (BP) in this work. For single impurity, we calculate impurity induced local density of states (LDOS) in momentum space numerically based on tight-binding Hamiltonian. In real space, we calculate LDOS and Friedel oscillation analytically. LDOS shows strong anisotropy in BP. Many impurities in BP are investigated using $T$-matrix approximation when the density is low. Midgap states appear in band gap with peaks in DOS. The peaks of midgap states are dependent on impurity potential. For finite positive potential, the impurity tends to bind negative charge carriers and vise versa. The infinite impurity potential problem is related to chiral symmetry in BP

Predicting seed germination of winterfat (Eurotia lanata), a native forage species

Non-Peer ReviewedThe timing of seed germination plays a critical role in the survival of plants in natural ecosystems. Population-based models for the prediction of seed germination as the function of temperature and water potential have been developed, which can also be used in predicting field emergence. We used winterfat (Eurotia lanata) to test variations in parameters of the thermal time and hydrothermal time model among seed mass classes and germination conditions. Germination rates (GR) of subpopulations were estimated from germination time courses over a water potential range from 0 to –1.33 MPa at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 oC. Estimated base temperature (Tb) was lower in the large seed mass class (-4.5 oC) than the small seed mass class (-3.5 oC). The ζ b(50) was lowest at intermediate temperatures between 10 to 15 oC. A linear increase of hydro time (ρH) with subpopulation was found at lower temperatures, especially at 2 oC. There were no significant differences in ζ b(50) between large and small seeds, but significant differences were observed in hydrothermal time requirement (ρHT(50)), which was lower at intermediate temperatures than at either lower or higher temperatures. The predictability of the thermal and hydrothermal time model was improved when parameters were allowed to change with seed size and germination conditions. Variations in Tb among seed mass classes favor large seeds, which accumulate more thermal time at a given temperature. This is particularly important for species such as winterfat, which germinates early in the season and early-emerged seedlings have better chance to establish and survive

XMM-Newton View of PKS 2155-304: Characterizing the X-ray Variability Properties with EPIC-PN

Starting from XMM-Newton EPIC-PN data, we present the X-ray variability characteristics of PKS 2155-304 using a simple analysis of the excess variance, \xs, and of the fractional rms variability amplitude, fvar. The scatter in \xs\ and \fvar, calculated using 500 s long segments of the light curves, is smaller than the scatter expected for red noise variability. This alone does not imply that the underlying process responsible for the variability of the source is stationary, since the real changes of the individual variance estimates are possibly smaller than the large scatters expected for a red noise process. In fact the averaged \xs and \fvar, reducing the fluctuations of the individual variances, chang e with time, indicating non-stationary variability. Moreover, both the averaged \sqxs (absolute rms variability amplitude) and \fvar show linear correlation with source flux but in an opposite sense: \sqxs correlates with flux, but \fvar anti-correlates with flux. These correlations suggest that the variability process of the source is strongly non-stationary as random scatters of variances should not yield any correlation. \fvar spectra were constructed to compare variability amplitudes in different energy bands. We found that the fractional rms variability amplitude of the source, when significant variability is observed, increases logarithmically with the photon energy, indicating significant spectral variability. The point-to-point variability amplitude may also track this trend, suggesting that the slopes of the power spectral density of the source are energy-independent. Using the normalized excess variance the black hole mass of \pks was estimated to be about $1.45 \times 10^8 M_{\bigodot}$. This is compared and contrasted with the estimates derived from measurements of the host galaxies.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Modeling mass transfer and reaction of dilute solutes in a ternary phase system by the lattice Boltzmann method

In this work, we propose a general approach for modeling mass transfer and reaction of dilute solute(s) in incompressible three-phase flows by introducing a collision operator in lattice Boltzmann (LB) method. An LB equation was used to simulate the solute dynamics among three different fluids, in which the newly expanded collision operator was used to depict the interface behavior of dilute solute(s). The multiscale analysis showed that the presented model can recover the macroscopic transport equations derived from the Maxwell-Stefan equation for dilute solutes in three-phase systems. Compared with the analytical equation of state of solute and dynamic behavior, these results are proven to constitute a generalized framework to simulate solute distributions in three-phase flows, including compound soluble in one phase, compound adsorbed on single-interface, compound in two phases, and solute soluble in three phases. Moreover, numerical simulations of benchmark cases, such as phase decomposition, multilayered planar interfaces, and liquid lens, were performed to test the stability and efficiency of the model. Finally, the multiphase mass transfer and reaction in Janus droplet transport in a straight microchannel were well reproduced

High sensitivity microwave detection using a magnetic tunnel junction in the absence of an external applied magnetic field

In the absence of any external applied magnetic field, we have found that a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) can produce a significant output direct voltage under microwave radiation at frequencies, which are far from the ferromagnetic resonance condition, and this voltage signal can be increase by at least an order of magnitude by applying a direct current bias. The enhancement of the microwave detection can be explained by the nonlinear resistance/conductance of the MTJs. Our estimation suggests that optimized MTJs should achieve sensitivities for non-resonant broadband microwave detection of about 5,000 mV/mW

Projection of the demand for fertilizer

노트 : Total consumption of commercial fertilizer in Korea has been increased at a rapid rate during the last two decades. In the period from 1952 to 1961, the consumption of fertilizer was 208 thousand metric tons. In the period from 1962 to 1971, the average consumption was increased to 442 thousand metric tons on the plant nutrient basis per year on the average. During the same period the total area of arable land was not increased, but there was a little increase in the rate of land utilization by the multi-cropping farmers. Therefore, the usage of fertilizer on the unit cultivated area has been doubled during the last two decades. This study proposes to quantify the potential demand for fertilizer by nutrients in Korea for policy making. All of the data used in this study, except land prices and the seed improvement index, are derived from official reports of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation. In the time series analysis demand functions of total and individual nutrients are estimated using prices of total and individual nutrients, wage rates, machine prices, cropping acres, and technological changes as explanatory variables from 1960 to 1972 on an annual basis. All prices were constant in 1965. Linear and linear in logarithm equations are estimated under both assumptions of instantaneous quantity adjustment and on the belief that quantity adjustment takes place over time

Random matrices: Universality of local eigenvalue statistics up to the edge

This is a continuation of our earlier paper on the universality of the eigenvalues of Wigner random matrices. The main new results of this paper are an extension of the results in that paper from the bulk of the spectrum up to the edge. In particular, we prove a variant of the universality results of Soshnikov for the largest eigenvalues, assuming moment conditions rather than symmetry conditions. The main new technical observation is that there is a significant bias in the Cauchy interlacing law near the edge of the spectrum which allows one to continue ensuring the delocalization of eigenvectors.Comment: 24 pages, no figures, to appear, Comm. Math. Phys. One new reference adde