Investigation of antioxidant activity of nonpolar and semipolar natural compounds of the Persian Gulf Sea Cucumber (Holothuria sp.)by using Oil Stability Index (OSI) method

In this investigation, nonpolar and semipolar compounds in sea cucumber (Holothuria sp.) collected from coasts of Lengeh Port were extracted by Bligh &Dyer method. The extraction of nonpolar and semipolar natural compounds was conducted by Hexane and Ether, respectively. After condensation, the prepared samples were injected into gas chromatography machine equipped with mass spectroscopy; and mass spectra obtained, using Eight Peak reference, and Kuats index (KI) and its conformity with standard Kuats index was also assessed. The compounds in Hexane-Ether phases were identified. Based on the results, in the Hexane phase of sea cucumber issue, there were nine compounds including: 2-Octanol (5.23 %), 5-Methyl 2-Hexanol (8.05 %), 2-Nonanol (2.5%), Cyclohexasiloxane, Dodecamethyl (2.09%), 3-Hydroxystearic (1.66%), Methyl Arachidonate (20.65%), 1, 4, 8, Dodecatriene (21.71%), Oleicacid (30.27%), and 1-Dodecanol (2.52%). There were also seven compounds in the Ether phase including: Tetradecane (0.63%), Palmitoleic acid (1.23%), Palmitic acid (1.63%), Oleic acid (40.31%), Stearic acid (3.40%), Methyl Arachidonate (28.62%), and 1, 2- Benzendicarboxlic acid (2-ethyl hexyl) (2.71%). We found that in both phases the main ingredient is Oleic acid. The investigation of antioxidant activity was conducted by the OSI and Rancimat apparatus. We detected no antioxidant activity in the sea cucumber compounds

The Essential Challenges of Third Party Funding in International Arbitration

The third party funding in international arbitration (TPF), is a new and emerging phenomenon. Despite the variety of third-party finding arrangements for international arbitration, what is being studied is a new way in which a third-party funder, if his client wins, deserves an agreed amount with his client, but failing, He has no right to refer to the client for the costs incurred. The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze the major challenges associated with using such a foundation. The validity and position of this phenomenon in the legal system of different countries , due to the lack of regulations, as well as The impact of some concepts , are the subject of discussion. On the other hand, the growing use of it requires that this phenomenon be quickly regulated, and provide clear answers to the issues and the major challenges surrounding it. Recognition of the challenges and solutions can help to identify and accept this entity in different countries, especially in Iran, and provide the ground for encouraging individuals to invest in this field, and ultimately, it strengthens the position of countries as the seat of international arbitration

Efecto de la oxidación de aceites vegetales en el proceso de hidrogenación

Hydrogenation has been carried out in a batch reactor with three different oxidized bleached oils in order to discover the effect of oxidation on the hydrogenation reaction process. Specifications of hydrogenated oils such as melting point, Iodine value, solid fat content and fatty acid composition of the oxidized oils were compared with their un-oxidized reference oils. Oxidized bleached sunflower oil was hydrogenated to target melting points (34, 39 and 42°C) at higher iodine values vs. its reference oil with the same reaction time. Oxidized bleached soybean and canola oils were hydrogenated to target melting points (34, 39 and 42°C) at higher iodine values as well, but reaction times were longer than their reference oils. The resulting solid fat content and total trans fatty acids of all hydrogenated oils were less than their references. A peroxide value above 0.5meq O2/kg for non auto-oxidized oils and above 5meq O2/kg for auto-oxidized oils will significantly change the hydrogenation process.La hidrogenación fue llevada cabo en un reactor discontinuo con tres aceites decoloradas y oxidadas con objeto de estudiar el efecto de la oxidación en el proceso de hidrogenación. Las especificaciones de los aceites hidrogenados tales como el punto de fusión, índice de yodo, contenido de grasa sólida y composición de ácidos grasos de los aceites oxidados fueron comparados con sus correspondientes aceites de referencia sin oxidar. El aceite de girasol decolorado y oxidado fue hidrogenado hasta alcanzar un punto de fusión (34, 39 and 42°C) con altos índices de yodo versus su aceite de referencia con el mismo tiempo de reacción. Aceites decolorado y oxidado de soja y de canola fueron hidrogenados hasta alcanzar puntos de fusión (34,39 y 42°C) con altos valores de yodo, pero los tiempo de reacción fueron más largos que en sus aceites de referencia. Los resultados del contenido de grasa sólida y ácidos grasos trans de todos los aceites hidrogenados fueron menores que sus correspondientes referencias. Un valor de peróxidos sobre 0.5 meq O2/kg para aceites no autooxidados y sobre 5 meq O2/ kg cambiara significativamente el proceso de hidrogenación

Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Microextraction Based on Applying Low Density Organic Solvents to the Extraction and Determination of Mononitrotoluenes in Water Samples

In this study, simple and efficient ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) based on applying low density organic solvents combined with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was developed for the preconcentration and determination of mononitrotoluenes (MNTs) in water samples. In this method, the fine droplets of toluene were formed and dispersed in the sample with the help of ultrasonic waves which accelerated the formation of the fine cloudy solution without using disperser solvents. Several factors influencing the extraction efficiency such as the nature and volume of organic solvent, extraction temperature, ionic strength and centrifugation time were investigated and optimized. Using optimum extraction conditions, dynamic linear ranges of 0.5-500 µg L -1 , and limit of detections (LOD) of 0.3 µg L -1 were obtained for o-nitrotoluene, m-nitrotoluene and p-nitrotoluene. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of MNTs in the water samples in the range of micrograms per liter with relative standard deviations (RSD) < 12%

Cooperative learning, problem solving and mediating artifacts

The present study deals with the influence of cooperative learning on the ability of students to solve the problems. The study also concerns the introduction of mathematical mediating artifacts as factors which effect the learning of mathematics by students. Experimental research method of pre-test and post-test types was carried out. Before the beginning of the study a questionnaire was given to students to elicit information about their accessibility to mediating artifacts, and the information gathered was effective for grouping the students. Doing so, 32 of the  final-terms of BA Mathematics students were selected and were grouped into two equal peer-groups (groups of 16 pupils). After pre-test, the control group passed 15 sessions of traditional teaching (i.e. largely lectures), and  experiment group carried out cooperative learning in the end, post-test was done and by analyzing the tests it was concluded that cooperative learning approach that involved the use of the dialectical method is much better than giving lectures, and it effects students` problem solving much more efficient.Keywords: cooperative learning, dialectical method, problem solving abilities, mathematical mediating artifact

Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson`s disease

There are several drugs which are effective in symptomatic management of Parkinson`s disease However there is no definitive pharmaceutical therapy for Parkinson`s disease. Drugs used in symptomatic management of Parkinson`s disease include : dopaminergic agents such as levodopa/carbidopa and dopamine-agonists (ropinirole, pramipexole), monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors (selegiline, rasagiline), catecholo-methyltransferase inhibitors (entacapone, tolcapone), anticholinergic agents, amantadine plus alternative therapies and investigational agents.egységes, osztatlanáltalános orvosango

Rhetorical Value of Bound and Omission in Sanai Ghaznavi’s Odes

Abstract  This research studies the rhetorical values of Sanai Ghaznavi’s odes. Sanai Ghaznavi, the Wise, is one of the greatest Persian poets of the fifth and sixth century (Lunar year). Sanai’s Divan consists of more than 13,000 verses and includes poems in various forms. His odes are his richest poems. Like his other poems, these poems are extremely high in literary value. Investigation of rhetorical values, from the view of semantics, reveals an important aspect of the literary value of the work. An important argument in semantics is bound and omission which clarifies rhetoric in speech, especially in the discussion of literary bound and omission, and has greater literary value. In the current study, based on the established rules of rhetoric, bound and omission, especially its types, has been explored from different perspective. After their investigation, based on the rules and arguments of semantics, the related frequencies and factors relevant to effectiveness and rhetoric of verses are investigated in his odes.     Sanai has used, effectively, different types of omission with various methods. In his odes, the frequency of omission devices is more than 110 cases and the frequency of other items is 45. Moreover, he used omission of qualifier on the qualified in nearly 120 couplets and omission of qualified on the qualifier in 25 couplets.     Due to his writings in ethical and spiritual domains as well as his interest in wisdom and sermon, Sanai drew upon rhetorical techniques such as “omission and bound” in order to deeply influence his addressees. Therefore, using omission and applying its various methods, he had different intentions and purposes in mind. In addition to the items mentioned before, some other issues such as exaggeration in description or eulogy, motivation and instigation, ignoring the non-qualified, glory, limiting the way or a mean to an end to one specific method, belittling the non-qualified, warning, expressing hatred toward something, allusion to non-qualified and etc. were introduced as well

Quality Characteristics of Iranian Extra Virgin Flaxseed Oil and the Effect of the Refining Stages before Deodorization on its Physicochemical Properties

Flaxseed oil is known as a functional oil because of the high content of α-linolenic acid; therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate some physicochemical properties of Iranian extra virgin flaxseed oil (EVFO) and the impact of the refining stages before deodorization on these properties. Fatty acid composition, peroxide and anisidine values, free fatty acids, Crystallization point, chlorophyll content, β-carotene content, and color were analyzed. The Iranian flaxseed oils had about 39-40% omega-3 fatty acids and a low ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 and equal to 0.44-0.47, which can be combined with oils rich in omega-6 to reach a favorite omega-6 to omega-3 ratio. In addition, the results showed that when EVFO was refined, the crystallization thermograms changed significantly. The presence of phospholipid compounds in EVFO made its onset, crystallization, endset points higher than the RFO. The amount of β-carotene and chlorophyll content of refined flaxseed oil (RFO) were 6 and 22.33 times lower than its EVFO. Also, RFO had significantly (p<0.05) more L*, less tendency to yellow color, and tendency to a green color as compared to its EVFO. The results showed that flaxseed oil fatty acid content, free fatty acids, peroxide, Anisdine values, crystallization temperature, chlorophyll and β-carotene content and the color were significantly affected by the refining stages. So it is recommended that flaxseed oil not to be refined, but be used in a short time period. Also, it should be consumed in blending with omega-6 oils (in order to maintain omega-6 to omega-3 ratio)

Assessment of aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides for inhibitory effects on calcium carbonate formation

The aqueous extract of Gypsophila aretioides roots as a “green” or eco-friendly inhibitor of carbonate calcium formation was investigated. The presence of chelating factors such as polyphenol compounds and foaming agents in the plant extract was assessed. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) demonstrated the ability of G. aretioides extract for dissolution of the carbonate calcium precipitates. Moreover, conductivity measurements revealed that the G. aretioides extract could efficiently retard sedimentation of carbonate calcium from a brine solution of calcium ions exposed to carbonate ions by adding Na2CO3 to the system solution. In addition, chronoamperometry was performed for a period of 3 h by polarizing the steel electrode to -0.9 V (vs. SCE) at 40°C. The presence of G. aretioides extract at a concentration of 10% (w/v) in chronoamperometry prevented the precipitation of CaCO3 on the steel electrode surface. This was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses which showed an absence of precipitates and lack of calcium ions on the steel electrode after 3 h chronoamperometry, respectively. However, further studies are required in order to amend the characteristics of G. aretioides extract to render it more applicable as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, anti-scale agent for a wide range of industrial applications