On the difference of time-integrated CPCP asymmetries in D0→K+K−D^0\rightarrow K^+K^- and D0→π+π−D^0\rightarrow\pi^+\pi^- decays: unparticle physics contribution

The LHCb Collaboration has recently measured the difference of time-integrated $CP$ asymmetry in $D^{0}\rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}$ and $D^{0}\rightarrow \pi^{+}\pi^{-}$ decays, more precisely. The reported value is $\Delta A_{CP}=-0.10 \pm 0.08 (\text{stat}) \pm 0.03 (\text{syst})\%$ which indicates no evidence for $CP$ violation. We consider the possible unparticle physics contribution in this quantity and by using the LCHb data try to constrain the parameter space of unparticle stuff.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

Evaluation of quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus, based on its complications, referred to Emam Hossein Hospital, Shahroud

زمینه و هدف: بیماری دیابت ملیتوس و عوارض ناشی از آن به عنوان یک مشکل بهداشتی عمده و هفتمین علت مرگ در ایالات متحده محسوب می گردد و همانند سایر بیماریهای مزمن، افزون بر مرگ و میر بالا، گرفتاریهای فردی، خانوادگی، اجتماعی و مالی بسیاری به همراه دارد. پژوهش حاضر به منظور بررسی کیفیت زندگی بیماران دیابتی بر اساس عوارض دیابت انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این پژوهش که یک مطالعه توصیفی - تحلیلی است تعداد 150 بیمار مبتلا به بیماری دیابت نوع II مراجعه کننده به بیمارستان امام حسین (ع) شاهرود بر اساس مشخصات مورد نظر پژوهشگر و به صورت غیر تصادفی انتخاب گردیدند و بر اساس نوع عوارض ناشی از بیماری دیابت در 4 گروه (بدون عارضه، دارای عوارض میکروواسکولر، دارای عوارض ماکروواسکولر، دارای هم عوارض میکرو و هم ماکروواسکولر) تقسیم بندی شدند. انتخاب نمونه بر اساس فاکتورهای: سن، جنس، میزان سواد و غیره صورت گرفت. کیفیت زندگی بیماران مبتلا به بیماری دیابت نوع II در ابعاد عملکرد فیزیکی، عملکرد روحی-روانی و اجتماعی بر اساس پرسشنامه استاندارد ADDQoL (Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life) سنجیده شد و با استفاده از آزمونهای آمار توصیفی و استنباطی (تی مستقل، آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون توسط نرم افزار SPSSمورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: بر اساس نتایج حاصل از پژوهش، میانگین سنی واحدهای مورد پژوهش 59 سال بود. بیشترین درصد واحدهای پژوهش 3/79 متأهل و 7/62 بی سواد بودند و 3/81 آنان دارای درآمد متوسط ماهیانه کمتر از 100 هزار تومان بودند. بیشترین درصد واحدهای پژوهش 7/78 اظهار داشتند که هیچ دوره آموزش خاصی در ارتباط با بیماری دیابت نگذرانیده اند. میانگین نمره کیفیت زندگی کل در گروه بدون عوارض 6/11±4/60، در گروه با عوارض میکروواسکولر 4/10±4/56، در گروه با عوارض ماکروواسکولر 8/8±61 و در گروه با عوارض میکرو- ماکروواسکولر 7/11±1/50 محاسبه گردید. آزمونهای آماری رابطه معنی داری بین میانگین نمره کیفیت زندگی واحدهای مورد پژوهش و متغیرهای دموگرافیک آنان نشان ندادند. نتیجه گیری: نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که عوارض دیابت اثرات معکوس و معنی داری بر تمامی ابعاد کیفیت زندگی بیماران دارد. لذا تشخیص سریع دیابت و عوارض دراز مدت ناشی از این بیماری و بکارگیری استراتژی های درمانی و مراقبتی مناسب در جهت رفع یا کاهش این عوارض یک ضرورت اساسی محسوب می گردد

Improved Rectangle Attacks on SKINNY and CRAFT

The boomerang and rectangle attacks are adaptions of differential cryptanalysis that regard the target cipher E as a composition of two sub-ciphers, i.e., E = E1 ∘ E0, to construct a distinguisher for E with probability p2q2 by concatenating two short differential trails for E0 and E1 with probability p and q respectively. According to the previous research, the dependency between these two differential characteristics has a great impact on the probability of boomerang and rectangle distinguishers. Dunkelman et al. proposed the sandwich attack to formalise such dependency that regards E as three parts, i.e., E = E1 ∘ Em ∘ E0, where Em contains the dependency between two differential trails, satisfying some differential propagation with probability r. Accordingly, the entire probability is p2q2r. Recently, Song et al. have proposed a general framework to identify the actual boundaries of Em and systematically evaluate the probability of Em with any number of rounds, and applied their method to accurately evaluate the probabilities of the best SKINNY’s boomerang distinguishers. In this paper, using a more advanced method to search for boomerang distinguishers, we show that the best previous boomerang distinguishers for SKINNY can be significantly improved in terms of probability and number of rounds. More precisely, we propose related-tweakey boomerang distinguishers for up to 19, 21, 23, and 25 rounds of SKINNY-64-128, SKINNY-128-256, SKINNY-64-192 and SKINNY-128-384 respectively, which improve the previous boomerang distinguishers of these variants of SKINNY by 1, 2, 1, and 1 round respectively. Based on the improved boomerang distinguishers for SKINNY, we provide related-tweakey rectangle attacks on 23 rounds of SKINNY-64-128, 24 rounds of SKINNY-128-256, 29 rounds of SKINNY-64-192, and 30 rounds of SKINNY-128-384. It is worth noting that our improved related-tweakey rectangle attacks on SKINNY-64-192, SKINNY-128-256 and SKINNY-128-384 can be directly applied for the same number of rounds of ForkSkinny-64-192, ForkSkinny-128-256 and ForkSkinny-128-384 respectively. CRAFT is another SKINNY-like tweakable block cipher for which we provide the security analysis against rectangle attack for the first time. As a result, we provide a 14-round boomerang distinguisher for CRAFT in the single-tweak model based on which we propose a single-tweak rectangle attack on 18 rounds of this cipher. Moreover, following the previous research regarding the evaluation of switching in multiple rounds of boomerang distinguishers, we also introduce new tools called Double Boomerang Connectivity Table (DBCT), LBCT⫤, and UBCT⊨ to evaluate the boomerang switch through the multiple rounds more accurately

Improved Rectangle Attacks on SKINNY and CRAFT

The boomerang and rectangle attacks are adaptions of differential cryptanalysis that regard the target cipher $E$ as a composition of two sub-ciphers, i.e., $E = E_{1}\circ E_{0}$, to construct a distinguisher for $E$ with probability $p^{2}q^{2}$ by concatenating two short differential trails for $E_{0}$ and $E_{1}$ with probability $p$ and $q$ respectively. According to the previous research, the dependency between these two differential characteristics has a great impact on the probability of boomerang and rectangle distinguishers. Dunkelman et al. proposed the sandwich attack to formalise such dependency that regards $E$ as three parts, i.e., $E = E_{1}\circ E_{m}\circ E_{0}$, where $E_{m}$ contains the dependency between two differential trails, satisfying some differential propagation with probability $r$. Accordingly, the entire probability is $p^{2}q^{2}r$. Recently, Song et al. have proposed a general framework to identify the actual boundaries of $E_{m}$ and systematically evaluate the probability of $E_{m}$ with any number of rounds, and applied their method to accurately evaluate the probabilities of the best SKINNY\u27s boomerang distinguishers. In this paper, using a more advanced method to search for boomerang distinguishers, we show that the best previous boomerang distinguishers for SKINNY can be significantly improved in terms of probability and number of rounds. More precisely, we propose related-tweakey boomerang distinguishers for up to 19, 21, 23, and 25 rounds of SKINNY-64-128, SKINNY-128-256, SKINNY-64-192 and SKINNY-128-384 respectively, which improve the previous boomerang distinguishers of these variants of SKINNY by 1, 2, 1, and 1 round respectively. Based on the improved boomerang distinguishers for SKINNY, we provide related-tweakey rectangle attacks on 23 rounds of SKINNY-64-128, 24 rounds of SKINNY-128-256, 29 rounds of SKINNY-64-192, and 30 rounds of SKINNY-128-384. It is worth noting that our improved related-tweakey rectangle attacks on SKINNY-64-192, SKINNY-128-256 and SKINNY-128-384 can be directly applied for the same number of rounds of ForkSkinny-64-192, ForkSkinny-128-256 and ForkSkinny-128-384 respectively. CRAFT is another SKINNY-like tweakable block cipher for which we provide the security analysis against rectangle attack for the first time. As a result, we provide a 14-round boomerang distinguisher for CRAFT in the single-tweak model based on which we propose a single-tweak rectangle attack on 18 rounds of this cipher. Moreover, following the previous research regarding the evaluation of switching in multiple rounds of boomerang distinguishers, we also introduce new tools called Double Boomerang Connectivity Table $\tt{DBCT}$, $\tt{LBCT}^{\scriptsize{=}|}$, and $\tt{UBCT}^{\vDash}$ to evaluate the boomerang switch through the multiple rounds more accurately

Pattern of Uveitis in Iran: A Systematic Review

Purpose: Uveitis is the third leading cause of blindness worldwide. This study aimed to summarize the pattern of uveitis in Iran through a systematic review. Methods: This review was conducted according to the guidelines for systematic reviews in the following four steps: literature search, study selection and assessment, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and statistical analysis. Results: One hundred and fifteen articles were identified by an encyclopedic literature search, and three independent investigators examined them according to the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eventually, 109 manuscripts were retrieved and six cross-sectional studies covering 3,567 patients were included and reviewed. According to the results, the mean age of patients was 40 years, and sex was not a statistically significant predisposing factor. The most common anatomical pattern of involvement was anterior uveitis, and the prevalence of the other three types of uveitis, including middle, posterior, and pan-uveitis, were almost equal. Overall, the most common etiologies of uveitis in the Iranian population were idiopathic uveitis, toxoplasmosis, Behcet’s syndrome, and Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis. Conclusion: This study depicted the pattern of uveitis in Iranian society; this can help physicians in the diagnostic approach, management, and treatment of patients

Comprehensive Security Analysis of CRAFT

CRAFT is a lightweight block cipher, designed to provide efficient protection against differential fault attacks. It is a tweakable cipher that includes 32 rounds to produce a ciphertext from a 64-bit plaintext using a 128-bit key and 64-bit public tweak. In this paper, compared to the designers\u27 analysis, we provide a more detailed analysis of CRAFT against differential and zero-correlation cryptanalysis, aiming to provide better distinguishers for the reduced rounds of the cipher. Our distinguishers for reduced-round CRAFT cover a higher number of rounds compared to the designers\u27 analysis. In our analysis, we observed that, for any number of rounds, the differential effect of CRAFT has an extremely higher probability compared to any differential trail. As an example, while the best trail for 11 rounds of the cipher has a probability of at least $2^{-80}$, we present a differential with probability $2^{-49.79}$, containing $2^{29.66}$ optimal trails, all with the same optimum probability of $2^{-80}$. Next, we use a partitioning technique, based on optimal expandable truncated trails to provide a better estimation of the differential effect on CRAFT. Thanks to this technique, we are able to find differential distinguishers for 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 rounds of the cipher in single tweak model with the probabilities of at least $2^{-40.20}$, $2^{-45.12}$, $2^{-49.79}$, $2^{-54.49}$, $2^{-59.13}$, and $2^{-63.80}$, respectively. These probabilities should be compared with the best distinguishers provided by the designers in the same model for 9 and 10 rounds of the cipher with the probabilities of at least $2^{-54.67}$ and $2^{-62.61}$, respectively. In addition, we consider the security of CRAFT against the new concept of related tweak zero-correlation (ZC) linear cryptanalysis and present a new distinguisher which covers 14 rounds of the cipher, while the best previous ZC distinguisher covered 13 rounds. Thanks to the related tweak ZC distinguisher for 14 rounds of the cipher, we also present 14 rounds integral distinguishers in related tweak mode of the cipher. Although the provided analysis does not compromise the cipher, we think it provides a better insight into the designing of CRAFT

Knee Muscle Reciprocal Co-Activation in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome During Isokinetic Exercise: A Voluntary Response Index Analysis

Introduction: The origin of the Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) is not still completely clear and may have a biomechanical or biochemical cause. Motor control dysfunction may have a role in this condition. Voluntary Response Index (VRI) is able to show changes in the central nervous system motor output that occur with intervention, recovery, or progression of the disorder. Therefore, the outcomes may contribute to offer another tool for PFPS motor control evaluation. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to assess the changes in the quadriceps and hamstring reciprocal coactivation patterns that may be observed in individuals with PFPS using the VRI. Methods and Materials: A total of 24 female participants, 12 with sound knees and 12 with PFPS participated in the present study. The study was accomplished in the Biomechanics Laboratory at Rehabilitation School of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2015. The participants sat on a Biodex dynamometer. They were asked to perform 10 continuous knee extension and flexion motions with maximal strength at 45˚/s and 300˚/s, distinctly. Simultaneously, electromyographic activities of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and biceps femoris (BF) were recorded and VRI was calculated. A two-way analysis of variance was run to assess the effect of group and velocity on the VRI (similarity index and magnitude). Results: There was no velocity or group main effect observed for the VRI (P>0.05). In addition, no significant velocity × group interaction was found for the VRI (P>0.05). Conclusion: PFPS may not be linked to altered quadriceps and hamstring reciprocal co-activation patterns during isokinetic exercise. In addition, angular velocity may not be an important parameter in voluntary motor control assessment during isokinetic exercise.Keywords: Reciprocal co-activation; Voluntary response index; Patellofemoral pain syndrome; Isokineti