Combustion chemistry of solid propellants

Several studies are described of the chemistry of solid propellant combustion which employed a fast-scanning optical spectrometer. Expanded abstracts are presented for four of the studies which were previously reported. One study of the ignition of composite propellants yielded data which suggested early ammonium perchlorate decomposition and reaction. The results of a study of the spatial distribution of molecular species in flames from uncatalyzed and copper or lead catalyzed double-based propellants support previously published conclusions concerning the site of action of these metal catalysts. A study of the ammonium-perchlorate-polymeric-fuel-binder reaction in thin films, made by use of infrared absorption spectrometry, yielded a characterization of a rapid condensed-phase reaction which is likely important during the ignition transient and the burning process

Study of high resolution wind measuring systems. phase i survey, july through september 1964

High resolution wind measuring systems using probes, tracers, and sound technique

Debt as a control device in transitional economies : the experiences of Hungary and Poland

The basic economic challenge in the transition from socialism to capitalism is creating incentive structures and institutions that promote enterprise change and restructuring. This is the motivation for most of the reforms debated during the transition - whether privatization, demonopolization, trade reform, or financial sector reform. Most research on corporate governance and privatization has focused on the role of owners - whether on the problems inherent in the separation of ownership and management (most Western literature) or on the need for true owners who represents the interests of capital (most literature on transition economies). But debt is also an important control device, as Western literature on corporate finance increasingly recognizes. The authors explore debt's role as a control device in transition economies, focusing especially on Hungary and Poland, which are relatively far along in the reform process. They ask, first, in what ways creditors exert control over firms in advanced market economies and how such control interacts with that exerted by equity holders. They then ask whether creditors in Central and Eastern European countries play similar roles and, if not, what roles they should play, and what can be done to give them the capacity and incentives to play those roles. They focus on three fundamental requirements for debt to function as a control device: information, proper incentives for creditors (including banks, suppliers, and government), and an efficient legal framework for debt collection (including collateral, workout, and bankruptcy regimes). While both countries are making progress in all three areas, there is still much to be done. Hungary and Poland illustrate only two of many approaches. Other transitional economies, such as the Czech Republic, Estonia, and Russia, are following different approaches that should be explored in future analysis.International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Banks&Banking Reform,Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Environmental Economics&Policies,Financial Intermediation,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies,Financial Intermediation,Financial Crisis Management&Restructuring,Housing Finance

The Zieschang-McCool method for generating algebraic mapping-class groups

Let g and p be non-negative integers. Let A(g,p) denote the group consisting of all those automorphisms of the free group on {t_1,...,t_p, x_1,...,x_g, y_1,...y_g} which fix the element t_1t_2...t_p[x_1,y_1]...[x_g,y_g] and permute the set of conjugacy classes {[t_1],....,[t_p]}. Labru\`ere and Paris, building on work of Artin, Magnus, Dehn, Nielsen, Lickorish, Zieschang, Birman, Humphries, and others, showed that A(g,p) is generated by a set that is called the ADLH set. We use methods of Zieschang and McCool to give a self-contained, algebraic proof of this result. Labru\`ere and Paris also gave defining relations for the ADLH set in A(g,p); we do not know an algebraic proof of this for g > 1. Consider an orientable surface S(g,p) of genus g with p punctures, such that (g,p) is not (0,0) or (0,1). The algebraic mapping-class group of S(g,p), denoted M(g,p), is defined as the group of all those outer automorphisms of the one-relator group with generating set {t_1,...,t_p, x_1,...,x_g, y_1,...y_g} and relator t_1t_2...t_p[x_1,y_1]...[x_g,y_g] which permute the set of conjugacy classes {[t_1],....,[t_p]}. It now follows from a result of Nielsen that M(g,p) is generated by the image of the ADLH set together with a reflection. This gives a new way of seeing that M(g,p) equals the (topological) mapping-class group of S(g,p), along lines suggested by Magnus, Karrass, and Solitar in 1966.Comment: 21 pages, 0 figure

Non-critical String Cosmologies

Non-critical String Cosmologies are offered as an alternative to Standard Big Bang Cosmology. The new features encompassed within the dilaton dependent non-critical terms affect the dynamics of the Universe\'s evolution in an unconventional manner being in agreement with the cosmological data. Non-criticality is responsible for a late transition to acceleration at redshifts z=0.2. The role of the uncoupled rolling dilaton to relic abundance calculations is discussed. The uncoupled rolling dilaton dilutes the neutralino relic densities in supersymmetric theories by factors of ten, relaxing considerably the severe WMAP Dark Matter constraints, while at the same time leaves almost unaffected the baryon density in agreement with primordial Nucleosynthesis.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, conference tal

Ammonium-perchlorate diffusion flames - A spectrographic investigation

Spectroscopic analyses on ammonium perchlorate diffusion flames with various fuel

Mixed Higgsino Dark Matter from a Large SU(2) Gaugino Mass

We observe that in SUSY models with non-universal GUT scale gaugino mass parameters, raising the GUT scale SU(2) gaugino mass |M_2| from its unified value results in a smaller value of -m_{H_u}^2 at the weak scale. By the electroweak symmetry breaking conditions, this implies a reduced value of \mu^2 {\it vis \`a vis} models with gaugino mass unification. The lightest neutralino can then be mixed Higgsino dark matter with a relic density in agreement with the measured abundance of cold dark matter (DM). We explore the phenomenology of this high |M_2| DM model. The spectrum is characterized by a very large wino mass and a concomitantly large splitting between left- and right- sfermion masses. In addition, the lighter chargino and three light neutralinos are relatively light with substantial higgsino components. The higgsino content of the LSP implies large rates for direct detection of neutralino dark matter, and enhanced rates for its indirect detection relative to mSUGRA. We find that experiments at the LHC should be able to discover SUSY over the portion of parameter space where m_{\tg} \alt 2350-2750 ~GeV, depending on the squark mass, while a 1 TeV electron-positron collider has a reach comparable to that of the LHC. The dilepton mass spectrum in multi-jet + \ell^+\ell^- + \eslt events at the LHC will likely show more than one mass edge, while its shape should provide indirect evidence for the large higgsino content of the decaying neutralinos.Comment: 36 pages with 26 eps figure