HISTORIA, SIGNIFICACIÓN Y UTILIDAD SOCIOJURÍDICA DE LA ADROGATIO Y LA ADOPTIO EN ROMA

Roman adoption is the antecedent of our current normative system. Both adoptio and adrogatio allowed someone to artificially form part of the domus of the adopter under the potestas of a new paterfamilias with the purpose or social function of securing the cult of the manes gods. Progressively, adoption became widespread in social customs and became a tool to ascend the social ladder, acquire inheritance, evade certain exclusions imposed by legislation, exchange surplus children among different family groups, establish personal alliances, of kinship and of inter-familial dynastic solidarity, and of designating a political successor under the election of the optimus (chief emperors and emperors of the Roman nobilitas). During the Justinian reign, the family structure is transformed and the adoptio is subdivided into two modalities: adoptio plena and adoptio minus plena

History, meaning and social juridical usefulness of the Adrogatio and the Adoptio in Rome

La paternidad adoptiva romana es el antecedente de nuestro actual sistema normativo. Tanto la adoptio como la adrogatio permitían que un tercero ingresara artificialmente en la domus del adoptante bajo la potestas de un nuevo paterfamilias con la finalidad o función social de asegurar el culto de los dioses manes. Progresivamente, la adopción se generalizó en los usos y costumbres sociales y se convirtió en un instrumento para ascender en la escala social, adquirir herencias, evadir ciertas exclusiones que imponía la legislación, intercambiar el excedente de hijos entre los diferentes grupos familiares, establecer alianzas personales, de parentesco y de solidaridad dinástica inter-familiar y designar un sucesor político bajo la elección del optimus (principales prohombres e imperatores de la nobilitas romana). Durante la época justinianea se transforma la estructura familiar y se subdivide la adoptio en dos modalidades: adoptio plena y adoptio minus plena.Roman adoption is the antecedent of our current normative system. Both adoptio and adrogatio allowed someone to artificially form part of the domus of the adopter under the potestas of a new paterfamilias with the purpose or social function of securing the cult of the manes gods. Progressively, adoption became widespread in social customs and became a tool to ascend the social ladder, acquire inheritance, evade certain exclusions imposed by legislation, exchange surplus children among different family groups, establish personal alliances, of kinship and of inter-familial dynastic solidarity, and of designating a political successor under the election of the optimus (chief emperors and emperors of the Roman nobilitas). During the Justinian reign, the family structure is transformed and the adoptio is subdivided into two modalities: adoptio plena and adoptio minus plena.Ciencias ReligiosasDerech

Characterization of different alginate lyases for dissolving Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms

Aggregates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa form a protective barrier against antibiotics and the immune system. These barriers, known as biofilms, are associated with several infectious diseases. One of the main components of these biofilms is alginate, a homo- and hetero-polysaccharide that consists of β-D-mannuronate (M) and α-L-guluronate (G) units. Alginate lyases degrade this sugar and have been proposed as biotherapeutic agents to dissolve P. aeruginosa biofilms. However, there are contradictory reports in the literature regarding the efficacy of alginate lyases against biofilms and their synergistic effect with antibiotics. We found that most positive reports used a commercial crude extract from Flavobacterium multivorum as the alginate lyase source. By using anion exchange chromatography coupled to nano LC MS/MS, we identified two distinct enzymes in this extract, one has both polyM and polyG (polyM/G) degradation activities and it is similar in sequence to a broad-spectrum alginate lyase from Flavobacterium sp. S20 (Alg2A). The other enzyme has only polyG activity and it is similar in sequence to AlyA1 from Zobellia galactanivorans. By characterizing both of these enzymes together with three recombinant alginate lyases (a polyM, a polyG and a polyM/G), we showed that only enzymes with polyM/G activity such as Alg2A and A1-II' (alginate lyase from Sphingomonas sp.) are effective in dissolving biofilms. Furthermore, both activities are required to have a synergistic effect with antibiotics.We acknowledge support of the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under agreement No 670216 (MYCOCHASSIS), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (MINECO-FEDER) (BIO2015-63557-R), ‘Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013-2017’, FEDER project from Instituto Carlos III (ISCIII, Acción Estratégica en Salud 2016) (reference CP16/00094) and “Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya / CERCA programme” (2014SGR678 and 2017SGR1079). The CRG/UPF Proteomics Unit is part of the “Plataforma de Recursos Biomoleculares y Bioinformáticos (ProteoRed)” supported by grant PT13/0001 of Instituto de Salud Carlos III from the Spanish Government

Targeting microbial biofilms: current and prospective therapeutic strategies

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.Biofilm formation is now recognized as a key virulence factor for a wide range of chronic microbial infections. While it has been well known for decades that bacteria and fungi in biofilms become highly tolerant of antibiotics, the development of effective therapeutics has lagged behind our growing understanding of biofilm biology. The multifactorial nature of biofilm development and drug tolerance imposes significant challenges to conventional antimicrobials, and indicates the need for multi-targeted or combinatorial therapies. In light of the discrepancy between the explosion of papers presenting multitude of methods to control biofilms and the sparsity of biofilm specific treatments available to the clinician, in this review, we focus on current therapeutic strategies and those in development for the treatment of biofilm infections, which target vital structure-function traits and drug tolerance mechanisms, including the extracellular matrix and dormant cells. We emphasize strategies that are supported by in vivo or ex vivo studies, highlight emerging anti-biofilm technologies, and provide a rationale for multi-targeted therapies aimed at disrupting the complex biofilm microenvironment