Relative Odds of Neck Pain to Helmet Use Among Motorcyclists: a Case-Control Study

Background: Neck pain is a widespread problem among motorcyclists, which is often neglected. There is limited research on the motorcycle's ergonomics, particularly in the context of the interaction between the riders and motorcycle. Motorcycle helmets have proven to increase the weight on the neck, thus causing more burdens which can lead to neck pain. Methodology: Case-Control study design was opted to measure the relative odds of neck pain in relation to the helmet use as an exposure. A total of 260 (mean age of 22.58 ± S.D. 1.95 years) undergraduate students were selected using purposive sampling. The case to control ratio was 1:4 (54 Cases and 206 Controls) where cases were defined as the motorcyclists having neck pain with a riding experience of more than one year. The neck pain and disability scale were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square and binary logistic regression were used to calculate the significant relationship and odds of neck pain amongst motorcyclists with and without helmet use. Results: The study results showed that out of 260 motorcyclists, 190 (73.1%) were helmet users, and 54 (20.8%) had neck pain, 70 (27.9%) helmet users had a neck pain prevalence of 11 (4.2%). The relative odd to have neck pain was 2.13 times more amongst the motorcyclists using the helmet as compared to that of non-helmet users. The logistic regression results showed significant results (P < 0.05) with regards to the BMI, helmet weight and duration of helmet use but did not show a significant relation with average motorcycle use per day unless it exceeded 70 kilometres. Conclusion: Use of helmet can be a potential cause of neck pain amongst motorcyclist users but the odds to have neck pain enhance with the increase in motorcycle use per day. The protective benefits are multi-fold for helmet use which outreaches the negative impact, including neck pain amongst motorcyclists

Development the Economical Chemical Treatment Plant for Chromium Recovery From Tannery Waste Water

The provided data given by the Tanneries Association, the normalwaste on everyday basis from all the leather industries in district Kasur is assessedabove 193 tons as wet salted weight, including 9,000 skins of buffaloesand cattle, and 11,050 to16,000 hides ofgoat and sheep processed every day. A mutualwastewater treatment plant may be a large or a complex factory for collecting on every day basisis about 16,000 m3 of high contaminated waste water as processing itfor the producing clean water for the discharging into a water body with 10 of tons of semi-solidsludge is disposed with a suitable manner. It is estimated that 160 tones per annum of chromium in terms of basic chromium sulfate (BCS) is discharged as waste in the effluent. This can be recovered and recycled. For this purposes, precipitation techniqes is used for separation of chromium from tannery wastewater. In this process,precipitants agent is lime as best one and 97% chromium recovery with help it. Economics cost of process is very low as Rs. 10. It is very attractive way to install the chromium recovery plant

Treatment of Drinking Water in Economical Cost Perspective

It is observed that most economical way in treating the drinking water for humans with coagulation treatment cost is Rs.1.25 per litre calculated in case of open surface water but only Rs.0.15 cost for ground and water storage tanks samples, after treatment it is sure water is safe for drinking purpose. But boiling treatment of drinking water is not economical as compare to coagulation treatment because it covers the Rs. 2.5 to Rs. 1.0 it depends on nature of water quality to treat. This cost was applicable and useful for human\u27s drinking water treatment and save the medical treatment cost from suffering the painful water borne diseases such as cholera and diarrhoea. Aluminium sulphate is coagulated which economical but with low price available and we must use it for canal water treatment because 5 to 10 percent toxins are present. In case of ground water and storage water tanks, treatment we no need coagulant we just need boiling of drinking water then it is sure that toxins and other organic material vaporized and drinking water free of low toxicity and safe to health

Hubungan Antara Faktor Lingkungan Fisik Dan Perilaku Masyarakat Dengan Kejadian Suspek Flu Burung Di Dusun Kendal Lor Desa Jatipuro Karanganyar

Flu burung telah menjadi perhatian masyarakat karena telah mengakibatkan banyak korban baik unggas maupun manusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara faktor lingkungan fisik dan perilaku masyarakat dengan kejadian suspek flu burung di Dusun Kendal Lor Desa Jatipuro Karanganyar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional dengan rancangan case control. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh penduduk yang tinggal di Dusun Kendal Lor. Pemilihan sampel dengan perbandingan kasus dan kontrol adalah 1 : 2, dengan kasus sebanyak 17 orang dan kontrol sebanyak 34 orang. Teknik uji statistik menggunakan uji Chi Square dan uji Fisher’s Exact. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara kepemilikan kandang dengan kejadian suspek flu burung (p=0,023; OR=0,160; 95% CI= 0,030-0,870), tidak ada hubungan antara jarak kandang dengan kejadian suspek flu burung (p=1,000), ada hubungan antara kebersihan kandang unggas dengan kejadian suspek flu (p=0,032), ada hubungan antara kejadian unggas mati mendadak dengan kejadian suspek flu burung (p=0,021; OR=5,921; 95% CI=1,168-30,019), ada hubungan antara memelihara unggas di rumah dengan kejadian suspek flu burung (p=0,045; OR=0,177; 95% CI= 0,038-0,834), ada hubungan antara kontak langsung dengan unggas mati mendadak dengan kejadian suspek flu burung (p= 0,019; OR=9,905; 95% CI=1,171-83,799), ada hubungan antara cuci tangan menggunakan deterjen dengan kejadian suspek flu burung di Dusun Kendal Lor Desa Jatipuro Karanganyar (p=0,024; OR= 0,135; 95% CI= 0,023-0,787)

Faktor – Faktor Yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Penyakit Campak di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kecamatan Teras Kabupaten Boyolali

Penyakit campak adalah salah satu penyebab kematian yang ada di dunia, di ataranya pada anak – anak meskipun sudah pernah imunisasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian penyakit campak di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kecamatan Teras Kabupaten Boyolali. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan observasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh KK yang ada di Kecamatan Teras dengan karakteristik yang akan diteliti sebanyak 45.367 orang. Pemilihan sampel dengan simple random sampling sebanyak 100 orang. Uji statistik menggunakan chi square dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak komputer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara status gizi (p= 0,000), status imunisasi (0,002), ventilasi (0,000), presepsi masyarakat (0,000) dengan kejadian penyakit campak dan tidak ada hubungan antara kepadatan hunian rumah (p= 0,106) dengan kejadian penyakit campak

Managing the Quality of Chromium Sulphate during the Recycling From Tanning Waste Water

Quality management is a big issue during recovery and recycling process because if desired quality is not received during chromium recovery or recycling process, we may be faced another problem of recycled materials. This also seen that most important that the production processes is useless without taking specific required quality of chromium., in real way about 60%-70% of chromium salt is used as chemical interaction with the hides but 30%-40% of chemical chromium salt is wasted as the solid and liquid form. Therefore, the quality during the recovery process of the chromium sulphate from chromium wastewater that is most important step for controlling environmental pollution with some economical benefits. Recycling of chromium sulphate is possible by using chemical precipitation method for water treatment, two precipitating agents' magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide plus alum are used for this purpose. Final findings showed that the optimum pH for efficient recovery with required quality was 8 and the Recycling of chromium sulphate was about 99(%) at pH 8 with good sludge with high settling rate. on the Base of these findings an economical production plant can be designed which are useful for quality improvement

Microbiological Botulinum Toxins Removing From Drinking Water Sources by Treatment of Coagulation Process

Water is a very important nutrient and responsible to maintain good health as well as proper performing the body functions, Water can remove the harmful toxins from the body. Infective disease produced by pathogenic microbes like bacteria, parasites and viruses including their metabolites as toxins are the known as most common and common health risk which connected with unsafe drinking water. It is expected; around 1.1 billion people worldwide have to drink unsafe drinking water per day. More than 95 % of these deaths are possible in low-income countries, where numerous causes like malnutrition, poor hygiene and sanitation create the immune deficiencies and specially factor such as unsafe drinking of water strongly affected on it. In the present study, C. Botulinum as bacterial specious and its related toxin botulinum toxins are detected in samples of ground water, water storage tanks and canal water but low values of toxins present in ground water sample and high values find in canal water sample.Coagulation process is used for removing the Botulinum toxins from drinking water source and giving the amazing results as show 92-97% toxins removes from drinking water samples by using the coagulant aluminium sulphate

Peran Teknologi Tepat Guna untuk Masyarakat Daerah Perbatasan Kasus Propinsi Kepulauan Riau

The development in Indonesia's borderlands which relies on the capability of their local community in constructing appropriate technologies is one of the key factors in promoting their living standard and in boosting their self confidence. This capability, as one of the forms of the the local community empowerment, is composed of such factors as the attitude, capability and capacity level, ability to allocate their available resources, and level of understanding on technology of the local community as well as the availability of the institutional infrastructures in their local government. The borderlands may integrate the concept of appropriate technological development into their community empowerment program whose aim is to improve their local people's living standard

Flow-Based Single Cell Deposition for High-Throughput Screening of Protein Libraries

The identification and engineering of proteins having refined or novel characteristics is an important area of research in many scientific fields. Protein modelling has enabled the rational design of unique proteins, but high-throughput screening of large libraries is still required to identify proteins with potentially valuable properties. Here we report on the development and evaluation of a novel fluorescent activated cell sorting based screening platform. Single bacterial cells, expressing a protein library to be screened, are electronically sorted and deposited onto plates containing solid nutrient growth media in a dense matrix format of between 44 and 195 colonies/cm2. We show that this matrix format is readily applicable to machine interrogation (<30 seconds per plate) and subsequent bioinformatic analysis (~60 seconds per plate) thus enabling the high-throughput screening of the protein library. We evaluate this platform and show that bacteria containing a bioluminescent protein can be spectrally analysed using an optical imager, and a rare clone (0.5% population) can successfully be identified, picked and further characterised. To further enhance this screening platform, we have developed a prototype electronic sort stream multiplexer, that when integrated into a commercial flow cytometric sorter, increases the rate of colony deposition by 89.2% to 24 colonies per second. We believe that the screening platform described here is potentially the foundation of a new generation of high-throughput screening technologies for proteins

Pengaruh Pendidikan Kesehatan Tentang Penyakit Flu Burung Terhadap Tingkat Kesiapsiagaan Masyarakat Di Desa Gondangmanis Kecamatan Karangpandan Kabupaten Karanganyar

Infuenza. Sampai saat ini virus Avian influenza terus mengalami perkembangan strain yang tidak menutup kemungkinan dapat menimbulkan pandemi sewaktuwaktu. Kecamatan Karangpandan merupakan daerah tertular penyakit flu burung yang setiap tahun terdapat kematian unggas. Hal ini perlu adanya kesiapsiagaan masyarakat untuk mencegah penularan ke manusia sewaktu-waktu Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan tentang penyakit flu burung terhadap tingkat kesiapsiagaan masyarakat di Desa Gondangmanis, Kecamatan Karangpandan, Kabupaten Karanganyar. Metode penelitian ini quasi eksperimen dengan pre-test dan post-test. Subyek penelitian ini adalah kepala keluarga dengan jumlah sampel sebesar 68 responden yang dibagi menjadi 34 kelompok eksperimen dan 34 kelompok kontrol. Uji statistik menggunakan uji Paired t-test dan uji Wilcoxon signed rank test dengan tingkat signifikasi α = 0,05. Hasil penelitian adalah ada pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan terhadap tingkat kesiapsiagaan (p=0,000) pada kelompok eksperimen, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol tidak ada perbedaan nilai pre-test dan post-test tingkat kesiapsiagaan (p=1,000). Disarankan kepada dinas terkait untuk memperbanyak sosialisasi tentang penyakit flu burung untuk menambah tingkat kesiapsiagaan masyarakat