Sequía experimental en plántulas en un claro y en el sotobosque de un bosque de niebla, Veracruz, México

Background and Aims: Droughts induced by climate change are expected to affect tropical cloud forests. As functional traits are useful indicators of plant species performance, this study aimed to determine the effect of light environment and drought on leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll content, leaf thickness and toughness, survival and relative growth rate (RGR) of seedlings in forest understory and gap. Methods: In a cloud forest from Veracruz, Mexico, rainout shelters to simulate drought in the forest understory and gap were used. Leaf area, SLA, chlorophyll content, leaf thickness and toughness, survival, and RGR in Eugenia capuli (shade-tolerant understory tree), Liquidambar styraciflua (intermediate shade-tolerant canopy tree), and Trema micranthum (pioneer tree that colonizes gaps) in understory-control and -drought, and gap-control and -drought were measured. Key results: Leaf area increased with drought in E. capuli in gaps and decreased in L. styraciflua in both light environments. Chlorophyll content was similar between water treatments for E. capuli and L. styraciflua in the understory. Leaf thickness and toughness differed with drought for E. capuli and L. styraciflua in the gap. Leaf traits of T. micranthum tended to change in understory and not in gap. Overall, the highest survival occurred in gap. Eugenia capuli displayed the highest and similar survival across treatments. Liquidambar styraciflua displayed higher survival in gap-drought, and T. micranthum in gap conditions. Eugenia capuli had the highest RGR in understory, whereas T. micranthum has the highest RGR in gap. Conclusions: Plant functional traits of E. capuli and L. styraciflua seedlings responded to moderate drought more in gap than in understory. The results suggest that functional traits of intermediate and shade-tolerant species may shift less under a moderate drought than those of a pioneer tree, as long as the forest light environment is maintained.Antecedentes y Objetivos: Se espera que las sequías inducidas por el cambio climático afecten al bosque de niebla. Como los rasgos funcionales son indicadores útiles del desempeño de especies vegetales, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto del ambiente lumínico y la sequía sobre área foliar (AF), área foliar específica (AFE), contenido de clorofila, grosor, dureza foliar, supervivencia y tasas de crecimiento relativo (TCR) de plántulas en sotobosque y claro. Métodos: En un bosque de niebla en Veracruz, México, se usaron exclusiones de lluvia para simular sequía en sotobosque y claro. Se midieron AF, AFE, contenido de clorofila, grosor, dureza, supervivencia y TCR en Eugenia capuli (especie de sotobosque tolerante a la sombra), Liquidambar styraciflua (especie del dosel de tolerancia intermedia) y Trema micranthum (árbol pionero colonizador de claros) en sotobosque-control y -sequía, y claro-control y -sequía. Resultados clave: El AF aumentó con sequía en E. capuli en claro y decreció para L. styraciflua en ambos ambientes lumínicos. El contenido de clorofila fue similar entre tratamientos de agua para E. capuli y L. styraciflua en sotobosque. El grosor y dureza foliares difirieron con sequía para E. capuli y L. styraciflua en claro. Los rasgos foliares de T. micranthum cambiaron solo en sotobosque. Eugenia capuli presentó la mayor y similar supervivencia entre tratamientos. Liquidambar styraciflua mostró una mayor supervivencia en claro-sequía, y T. micranthum en claro. Eugenia capuli tuvo la mayor TCR en sotobosque, mientras que T. micranthum en claro. Conclusiones: Los rasgos funcionales de plántulas de E. capuli y L. styraciflua respondieron a sequía moderada más en claro que en sotobosque. Los resultados sugieren que los rasgos funcionales de las especies intermedia y tolerante a la sombra tienden a cambiar menos bajo una sequía moderada, que los del árbol pionero si se mantiene el ambiente lumínico forestal

Habitat selection for oviposition in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) through physical stimuli

Aedes aegypti puede desarrollar su fase acuática en recipientes artificiales que detecta y evalúa mediante variables físicas. En este estudio se analizó el efecto del color (negro, rojo, verde y blanco) y de la superficie del recipiente (177 cm2 y 57 cm2) sobre la respuesta de oviposición de Aedes aegypti en dos ambientes lumínicos diferentes (luz solar y 90% de sombra). Se montaron dos experimentos factoriales, uno en cada situación de luz, combinando colores y superficies. En ambas situaciones de luz se detectaron diferencias entre colores. Al sol, las trampas negras y rojas difirieron de las blancas y verdes; a la sombra, las trampas negras y rojas difirieron solamente de las verdes. Las superficies solo difirieron en la situación de sombra, con una mayor respuesta de oviposición para las de 177 cm2. A la luz solar directa, las combinaciones de colores y superficies más eficientes fueron las trampas negras y rojas de 177 cm2. A la sombra, las combinaciones más eficientes fueron las negras de 177 cm2 seguidas por las rojas y blancas de la misma superficie. Esto sugiere que el efecto del color sería más fuerte que el de la superficie y que la respuesta de Aedes aegypti hacia los colores dependería del ambiente lumínico circundante a las trampas.Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) can develop its aquatic phase in artificial containers that females detect and evaluate through physical variables. The objective of the present study was to analyse the effect of colour (black, red, green and white) and container surface (177 cm2 and 57 cm2) on the oviposition response of Aedes aegypti under two light environments (sunlight and 90% shade). Two factorial experiments were performed combining the different levels of colours and diameters in each light situation. Significant differences were detected among colours in both light situations. Under sunlight, black and red traps showed differences with white and green traps, while under shadow black and red traps differed from green traps. Both trap surfaces differed only under the shadow situation, where the oviposition response was higher for the 177 cm2 traps. Treatments with highest oviposition response in the sunlight were black and red traps of 177 cm2, and no differences were observed between them. Under shadow, traps with greater oviposition response were black traps of 177 cm2 followed by red and white traps with the same surface. These results suggest that the colour effect would be stronger than the surface effect and the response of Aedes aegypti to colours would depend on the light environment of the traps

Alelopatía diferencial entre los géneros de un árbol invasor dioico sobre plantas de desierto

"The Peruvian peppertree (Schinus molle) is a dioecious species from South America that was introduced into central Mexico five centuries ago. This tree has invaded abandoned agricultural fields from semiarid regions, where it can be found with several native succulent plants that have recolonized these areas. Although peppertrees have negative allelopathic effects on crops, their effects on these native plants remain unknown. Indeed, the allelopathy of peppertrees has only been tested for female individuals, while the allelopathic potential of male peppertrees has not been assessed yet. This study focused on these issues and assessed whether peppertrees affect germination of succulent plants from the Chihuahuan Desert and whether these effects differ between male and female trees. For this we conducted a series of germination bioassays where seeds of native species were watered with aqueous extracts of staminate flowers and leaves produced by male peppertrees, and with aqueous extracts of fruits and leaves produced by female peppertrees. Additionally, we conducted experiments where seeds of native species were sowed on soils collected beneath the canopy of both tree genders. The results of all these experiments indicated that both peppertree genders can reduce germination of native species, but also suggested that male peppertrees would have stronger allelopathic effects than female peppertrees. To our best knowledge, this is the first study reporting allelopathic effects of peppertrees on native plants from Mexico, but this is also the first study indicating differential gender effects for invasive dioecious species with allelopathic potential.""El pirul (Schinus molle) es una especie dioica de Sudamérica que fue introducida en México hace cinco siglos atrás. Este árbol ha invadido campos agrícolas abandonados de regiones semiáridas, donde puede ser encontrado con varias especies de plantas suculentas nativas que han recolonizado estas áreas. Aunque los pirules tienen efectos alelopáticos negativos sobre los cultivos, sus efectos sobre estas plantas nativas siguen siendo desconocidos. De hecho, la alelopatía de los pirules sólo se ha probado para individuos femeninos, mientras que el potencial alelopático de los pirules masculinos aún no se ha evaluado. Este estudio se enfocó en estos temas y evaluó si los pirules inhiben la germinación de plantas suculentas del desierto Chihuahuense y si estos efectos diferen entre árboles masculinos y femeninos. Para ello se realizó una serie de bioensayos de germinación donde semillas de las especies nativas fueron regadas con extractos acuosos obtenidos de fores estaminadas y hojas producidas por pirules masculinos, y con extractos acuosos de frutos y hojas producidas por pirules femeninos. Adicionalmente, realizamos experimentos donde semillas de las especies nativas fueron sembraron en suelos recogidos bajo el dosel de ambos géneros de pirul. Los resultados de todos estos experimentos indicaron que ambos géneros del pirul pueden reducir la germinación de especies nativas, pero también sugirieron que los pirules masculinos tendrpian efectos alelopáticos más fuertes sobre las especies nativas que los pirules femeninos. Hasta donde estamos enterados, este es el primer estudio que reporta efectos alelopáticos de los pirules sobre plantas nativas de México, pero esto también es el primer estudio que indica los efectos de diferenciales del género para especies invasoras dioicas con potencial alelopático.

Practical application of AAPM Report 270 in display quality assurance: A report of Task Group 270

Published in January 2019, AAPM Report 270 provides an update to the recommendations of the AAPM\u27s TG18 report. Report 270 provides new definitions of display types, updated testing patterns, and revised performance standards for the modern, flat-panel displays used as part of medical image acquisition and review. The focus of the AAPM report is on consistent image quality and appearance, and how to establish a quality assurance program to achieve those two goals. This work highlights some of the key takeaways of AAPM Report 270 and makes comparisons with existing recommendations from other references. It also provides guidance for establishing a display quality assurance program for different-sized institutions. Finally, it describes future challenges for display quality assurance and what work remains

Discovery of Lebambromyia in Myanmar cretaceous amber: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications (Insecta, Diptera, Phoroidea)

Lebambromyia sacculifera sp. nov. is described from Late Cretaceous amber from Myan-mar, integrating traditional observation techniques and X-ray phase contrast microtomography. Lebambromyia sacculifera is the second species of Lebambromyia after L. acrai Grimaldi and Cumming, described from Lebanese amber (Early Cretaceous), and the first record of this taxon from Myanmar amber, considerably extending the temporal and geographic range of this genus. The new specimen bears a previously undetected set of phylogenetically relevant characters such as a postpedicel sacculus and a prominent clypeus, which are shared with Ironomyiidae and Eumuscomorpha. Our cladistic analyses confirmed that Lebambromyia represented a distinct monophyletic lineage related to Platypezidae and Ironomyiidae, though its affinities are strongly influenced by the interpretation and coding of the enigmatic set of features characterizing these fossil flies

A global assessment of the potential distribution of naturalized and planted populations of the ornamental alien tree Schinus molle

Estudio sobre la potencial invasión del pirul, una planta naturalizada cuyo origen es el sur de América.The Peruvian Peppertree (Schinus molle L.) is an evergreen tree native to semiarid environments of Peru and Bolivia in South America. This tree has been introduced and widely planted for ornamental and forestry purposes in several semiarid regions of the world because its seedlings are easily established and have a high survival rate; it also grows quickly, and it is tolerant of dry climates. We compared the global and regional niches of naturalized and planted populations of S. molle in order to examine the invasive stages and potential distribution of this species in four regions of the world. This work provides a novel approach for understanding the invasion dynamics of S. molle in these areas and elucidates the ecological processes that bring about such invasions. Most naturalized and planted populations were found to be in equilibrium with the environment. In its native range as well as in Australia and South Africa the models of the coverage area of habitat suitability for natural populations were the highest, whereas the coverage area of planted populations was lower. For planted populations in Australia and South Africa, a large percentage of predicted presences fell within sink populations. The invasion stages of S. molle vary across regions in its adventive range; this result may be attributable to residence time as well as climatic and anthropic factors that have contributed to the spread of populations.SEMARNAT-CONACYT [Grant FSSEMARNAT01-C-2018-1-A3-S-80837]

Functional analysis of new human Bardet-Biedl syndrome loci specific variants in the zebrafish model

The multiple genetic approaches available for molecular diagnosis of human diseases have made possible to identify an increasing number of pathogenic genetic changes, particularly with the advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. However, the main challenge lies in the interpretation of their functional impact, which has resulted in the widespread use of animal models. We describe here the functional modelling of seven BBS loci variants, most of them novel, in zebrafish embryos to validate their in silico prediction of pathogenicity. We show that target knockdown (KD) of known BBS (BBS1, BB5 or BBS6) loci leads to developmental defects commonly associated with ciliopathies, as previously described. These KD pleiotropic phenotypes were rescued by co-injecting human wild type (WT) loci sequence but not with the equivalent mutated mRNAs, providing evidence of the pathogenic effect of these BBS changes. Furthermore, direct assessment of cilia located in Kupffer’s vesicle (KV) showed a reduction of ciliary length associated with all the studied variants, thus confirming a deleterious effect. Taken together, our results seem to prove the pathogenicity of the already classified and unclassified new BBS variants, as well as highlight the usefulness of zebrafish as an animal model for in vivo assays in human ciliopathiesMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. AGL2017-89648

Gas exchange in two high andean plant species of central Chile : effect of the association with cushion plants

Se ha propuesto que en ambientes extremos como los sistemas de alta montaña, las interacciones entre las especies tenderían a ser del tipo positivas y aumentarían tanto en intensidad como en frecuencia a medida que el ambiente se torna más limitante para la adquisición de recursos. En este trabajo, se estudiaron las modificaciones microclimáticas que realizan los cojines de la especie Laretia acaulis y el efecto de ésta sobre la respuesta fisiológica de dos especies de la comunidad de alta montaña situada a 2800 m.s.n.m. en Los Andes de Chile central: Taraxacum officinale y Euphorbia collina, las cuales crecen frecuentemente entre y fuera de los cojines respectivamente. Se realizaron mediciones de intercambio gaseoso en plantas creciendo sobre el cojín y en espacios abiertos con el objeto de evidenciar los efectos provocados por las modificaciones microclimaticas que realizan los cojines. Se evidenció que los individuos de T. officinale que crecen entre los cojines presentaban una mayor tasa de fotosíntesis neta que sus co-especificos que crecen en los espacios abiertos. E. collina no mostró diferencia en la tasa de fotosíntesis neta de los individuos presentes tanto entre como fuera de los cojines. El efecto de asociación con una nodriza (e.g. plantas en cojín) para especies de gran biomasa como E. collina sería menos beneficioso debido a la competencia por los recursos y el espacio, lo cual explicaría que esta especie se registrara frecuentemente en los espacios abiertos.It has been proposed that on stressful environments as high mountain habitats, interactions between species of plants would tend to be of the positive type, increasing in intensity and frequency when resources in the environment become more limited. In this work, we studied the microclimatic modifications produced by cushions of Laretia acaulis species and its effects on the physiological performance of two associated species of the high mountain community located at 2800 m.a.s.l. in Los Andes of central Chile: Taraxacum officinale and Euphorbia collina, which frequently grow within and outside the cushions respectively. Gas exchange measures were taken in order to assess the effects caused by the microclimatic modifications done by cushions plants. We demonstrated that individuals of T. officinale that grow within cushions displayed, unlike their co-specifics in open spaces, a greater net photosynthesis rate. E. collina did not show differences in the rate of net photosynthesis between individuals present within and outside cushions. Only T. officinale displayed a greater rate of photosynthesis in the microsite where it is frequently distributed (within cushions). The effect of association with a nurse (e.g. cushion plants) for large biomass species, such as E. collina, could be less beneficial due to the competition for resources and space; this would explain why E. collina is more frequently found in open spaces

Efectos del cambio climático sobre estados tempranos de Quercus ariifolia (Fagaceae), un encino endémico de bosques estacionalmente secos de México

Background and Aims: Tree recruitment in seasonally dry forests occurs during the rainy season. However, higher temperatures and reduced rainfalls are expected in these ecosystems because of climate change. These changes could induce drought conditions during the rainy season and affect tree recruitment. Plants subjected to thermal or water stress often display morphological and physiological shifts addressed to prioritize their survival. If recently emerged tree seedlings display these responses, this could improve their development during the rainy season and increase their survival chances. Our aim was to test whether recently emerged oak seedlings display these responses.Methods: We performed a field experiment with Quercus ariifolia, an oak species endemic to seasonally dry forests of central Mexico. At the beginning of the rainy season (September 2016), we sowed acorns of this species in control plots under the current climate and plots in which climate change was simulated by increasing temperature and reducing rainfall (CCS plots). Seedling emergence and survival were monitored every seven days during the rainy season (until January 2017). At the end of the experiment, we measured several functional traits on surviving seedlings and compared them between controls and CCS plots.Key results: Higher temperature and lower rainfall generated water shortage conditions in CCS plots. This did not affect emergence of seedlings but reduced their survival. Seedlings that survived in CCS plots displayed shifts in their functional traits, which matched with those of plants subjected to thermal and water stress.Conclusions: Our results suggest that climate change can increase the extinction risk of Q. ariifolia in seasonally dry forest of Mexico by reducing the survival of its offspring. Nevertheless, the results also suggest that seedlings developed under climate change conditions can display functional shifts that could confer them tolerance to increased drought.Antecedentes y Objetivos: El reclutamiento de árboles en bosques estacionalmente secos ocurre en la temporada de lluvias. Sin embargo, en estos ecosistemas se esperan mayores temperaturas y menores precipitaciones debido al cambio climático. Estos cambios pueden inducir condiciones de sequía durante la temporada de lluvias y afectar el reclutamiento. Las plantas sometidas a estrés térmico e hídrico usualmente muestran cambios morfológicos y fisiológicos dirigidos a priorizar su supervivencia. Si plántulas recientemente emergidas muestran estas respuestas, esto pudiera mejorar su desarrollo durante la temporada de lluvias y aumentar sus posibilidades de supervivencia. Nuestro objetivo fue establecer si plántulas de encino recién emergidas muestran estas respuestas.Métodos: Realizamos un experimento de campo con Quercus ariifolia, un encino endémico de bosques estacionalmente secos del centro de México. Al comienzo de la temporada de lluvias (septiembre 2016) sembramos bellotas de esta especie en parcelas control bajo el clima actual, y parcelas donde aumentamos la temperatura y redujimos la precipitación (parcelas CCS). La emergencia y la supervivencia de plántulas se registró cada siete días durante la temporada de lluvias (hasta enero 2017). Al final del experimento, medimos varios rasgos funcionales en las plántulas sobrevivientes y los comparamos entre controles y parcelas CCS.Resultados clave: La mayor temperatura y la menor precipitación generaron condiciones de sequía en las parcelas CCS. Esto no afectó la emergencia de plántulas, pero redujo su supervivencia. Las plántulas sobrevivientes en las parcelas CCS mostraron cambios en sus rasgos funcionales, que coincidían con los observados en plantas sometidas a estrés térmico y/o hídrico.Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que el cambio climático puede aumentar el riesgo de extinción de Q. ariifolia en bosques estacionalmente secos de México al reducir la supervivencia de plántulas. Sin embargo, los resultados también sugieren que las plántulas desarrolladas en condiciones de cambio climático pueden mostrar alteraciones funcionales que pudieran conferirles tolerancia al aumento de la sequía

Subtidal macrozoobenthos communities from northern Chile during and post El Niño 1997–1998

Despite a large amount of climatic and oceanographic information dealing with the recurring climate phenomenon El Niño (EN) and its well known impact on diversity of marine benthic communities, most published data are rather descriptive and consequently our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and processes that drive community structure during EN are still very scarce. In this study, we address two questions on the effects of EN on macrozoobenthic communities: (1) how does EN affect species diversity of the communities in northern Chile? and (2) is EN a phenomenon that restarts community assembling processes by affecting species interactions in northern Chile? To answer these questions, we compared species diversity and co-occurrence patterns of soft-bottoms macrozoobenthos communities from the continental shelf off northern Chile during (March 1998) and after (September 1998) the strong EN event 1997–1998. The methods used varied from species diversity and species co-occurrence analyses to multivariate ordination methods. Our results indicate that EN positively affects diversity of macrozoobenthos communities in the study area, increasing the species richness and diversity and decreasing the species dominance. EN represents a strong disturbance that affects species interactions that rule the species assembling processes in shallow-water, sea-bottom environments