Common parasites of farm animals : their prevention and treatment

Caption title.Digitized 2006 AES MoU

Does the geoid drift west?

In 1970 Hide and Malin noted a correlation of about 0.8 between the geoid and the geomagnetic potential at the Earth's surface when the latter is rotated eastward in longitude by about 160 degrees and the spherical harmonic expansions of both functions are truncated at degree 4. From a century of magnetic observatory data, Hide and Malin inferred an average magnetic westward drift rate of about 0.27 degrees/year. They attributed the magnetic-gravitational correlation to a core event at about 1350 A.D. which impressed the mantle's gravity pattern at long wavelengths onto the core motion and the resulting magnetic field. The impressed pattern was then carried westward 160 degrees by the nsuing magnetic westward drift. An alternative possibility is some sort of steady physical coupling between the magnetic and gravitational fields (perhaps migration of Hide's bumps on the core-mantle interface). This model predicts that the geoid will drift west at the magnetic rate. On a rigid earth, the resulting changes in sea level would be easily observed, but they could be masked by adjustment of the mantle if it has a shell with viscosity considerably less than 10 to the 21 poise. However, steady westward drift of the geoid also predicts secular changes in g, the local acceleration of gravity, at land stations. These changes are now ruled out by recent independent high-accuracy absolute measurements of g made by several workers at various locations in the Northern Hemisphere

Expected Inflation and The Sacrifice Ratio

Using inflation forecasts from the OECD Economic Outlook as proxy measures of inflation expectations, we examine the impact of inflation expectations on the sacrifice ratio for 20 OECD countries. The regression analysis considers four different empirical models of the determinants of the sacrifice ratio typically found in the existing literature. The impact of the level of inflation expectations is negative and significant, implying that a higher level of expected inflation is associated with lower sacrifice ratios. This result is consistent with the theoretical role of nominal wage and price rigidities in that reductions in wage and price stickiness diminish the tradeoffs between disinflations and output losses. Interaction effects indicate that higher levels of expected inflation allow policymakers to pursue ‘cold turkey’ inflation reductions even more aggressively. The effect of the change in inflation expectations is negative and significant, implying that faster adjusting inflation expectations are associated with lower sacrifice ratios

Short‐term hyperglycemia produces oxidative damage and apoptosis in neurons

Dorsal root ganglia neurons in culture die through programmed cell death when exposed to elevated glucose, providing an in vitro model system for the investigation of the mechanisms leading to diabetic neuropathy. This study examines the time course of programmed cell death induction, regulation of cellular antioxidant capacity, and the protective effects of antioxidants in neurons exposed to hyperglycemia. We demonstrate that the first 2 h of hyperglycemia are sufficient to induce oxidative stress and programmed cell death. Using fluorimetric analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, in vitro assays of antioxidant enzymes, and immunocytochemical assays of cell death, we demonstrate superoxide formation, inhibition of aconitase, and lipid peroxidation within 1 h of hyperglycemia. These are followed by caspase‐3 activation and DNA fragmentation. Antioxidant potential increases by 3–6 h but is insufficient to protect these neurons. Application of the antioxidant α‐lipoic acid potently prevents glucose‐induced oxidative stress and cell death. This study identifies cellular therapeutic targets to prevent diabetic neuropathy. Since oxidative stress is a common feature of the micro‐ and macrovascular complications of diabetes, the present findings have broad application to the treatment of diabetic patients.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154304/1/fsb2fj042513fje.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154304/2/fsb2fj042513fje-sup-0001.pd

Development of Couplet-Care Education

The facility under study has had a traditional postpartum and nursery, with different nurses for the mother and baby. A decision was made to change the care model to couplet-care (CC). CC is an evidence-based care model that promotes newborn care at the mother\u27s bedside. Establishing an education and implementation plan is important to the success of the transition. The purpose of this project was to develop an evidence-based education and implementation plan for CC implementation and to provide for staff barriers and pushback to change. The goals of the study were to identify an approach to implement evidence-based practice education that is efficient and sustainable. There is a paucity of literature available that describes how to plan and implement CC. However, Mercer\u27s maternal role attainment provides ample evidence to support the nursing care model of CC. A survey was developed to determine the gaps in current knowledge of couplet-care. The survey was returned by 54% of the 67 staff nurses from the mother-baby unit. and revealed the need for definitions of CC, Family Centered Care, and the need to integrate role-playing into the education plan. Transformation theory is used to identify attitudes and biases to practice change that interfere with implementation. Reflective discussion was built into the education plan to assist with overcoming barriers to practice change. Using an evidence-based program plan for a nursing care model change may ease the transition of other mother-baby units to CC. CC provides an environment that supports healthy newborn attachment and subsequent healthy lifestyle

The distribution of mesopelagic fishes in the equatorial and western North Atlantic Ocean

Examination of about 290 midwater trawl hauls made to a depth of 1000 m in the equatorial and western North Atlantic Ocean from 1961 to 1968 suggests that at least 10 physical boundaries determine the ranges of mesopelagic fishes. The boundaries delimit six pelagic regions----the Slope Water Region, the Northern Sargasso Sea, the Southern Sargasso Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Amazonian Region----and partly delimit four others----the Eastern Gyre and the Labrador, Lesser Antillean, and Guinean regions...

Validated helioseismic inversions for 3-D vector flows

According to time-distance helioseismology, information about internal fluid motions is encoded in the travel times of solar waves. The inverse problem consists of inferring 3-D vector flows from a set of travel-time measurements. Here we investigate the potential of time-distance helioseismology to infer 3-D convective velocities in the near-surface layers of the Sun. We developed a new Subtractive Optimally Localised Averaging (SOLA) code suitable for pipeline pseudo-automatic processing. Compared to its predecessor, the code was improved by accounting for additional constraints in order to get the right answer within a given noise level. The main aim of this study is to validate results obtained by our inversion code. We simulate travel-time maps using a snapshot from a numerical simulation of solar convective flows, realistic Born travel-time sensitivity kernels, and a realistic model of travel-time noise. These synthetic travel times are inverted for flows and the results compared with the known input flow field. Additional constraints are implemented in the inversion: cross-talk minimization between flow components and spatial localization of inversion coefficients. Using modes f, p1 through p4, we show that horizontal convective flow velocities can be inferred without bias, at a signal-to-noise ratio greater than one in the top 3.5 Mm, provided that observations span at least four days. The vertical component of velocity (v_z), if it were to be weak, is more difficult to infer and is seriously affected by cross-talk from horizontal velocity components. We emphasise that this cross-talk must be explicitly minimised in order to retrieve v_z in the top 1 Mm. We also show that statistical averaging over many different areas of the Sun allows for reliably measuring of average properties of all three flow components in the top 5.5 Mm of the convection zone.Comment: 14 pages main paper, 9 pages electronic supplement, 28 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

The Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices to Concentrate Chemicals in Oil Refinery Effluent on the Mackenzie River

To concentrate natural and refinery-derived inducers of mixed function oxygenase (MFO), semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed for 11-12 days in Norman Wells refinery effluent and upstream and downstream on the Mackenzie River, Northwest Territories, Canada. SPMDs, which are layflat polyethylene membrane tubes containing a thin film of purified triolein, absorb freely dissolved neutral organic chemicals that diffuse through the polyethylene membrane. Fish liver cells (Poeciliopsis lucida hepatoma; PLHC-1) were dosed with SPMD extracts; then MFO activity was determined. SPMDs from the effluent contained potent MFO inducers, equivalent to 4830-8700 pg 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)/g SPMD. SPMDs from the site 0.5 km downstream of the refinery outfall also induced MFO, but downstream extracts were about 1/40 as potent as those from effluent-exposed SPMDs. Comparing sites on the Mackenzie River, extracts of SPMDs from downstream of the refinery outfall were over 20 times as potent as those from upstream SPMDs. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and C1- to C3-substituted PAHs were abundant in extracts of SPMDs from the effluent and, to a lesser degree, in extracts of SPMDs from 0.5 km downstream. In effluent-exposed and downstream SPMDs, concentrations of parent PAHs were lower than those of C1-substituted PAHs. The highest concentrations were those of C2- and C3-substituted PAHs. It is unknown which compounds in the SPMDs caused the MFO induction, but there was a very strong correlation between the concentration of total C3-phenanthrene/anthracene in the SPMD extracts and MFO-induction potency. The study shows both the use of SPMDs as concentrators of neutral organic compounds in harsh environments (such as high temperature effluents and fast-flowing rivers) and the utility and sensitivity of the fish liver cell line for ranking MFO-inducing potencies of environmental SPMD extracts.Afin de concentrer les inducteurs naturels et dérivés de raffinerie de l'oxygénase à fonction mixte (OFM), on a déployé de l'équipement à membrane semi-perméable pendant une durée de 11 à 12 jours dans les effluents de l'usine de raffinage de Norman Wells, de même qu'en amont et en aval dans les eaux du Mackenzie (Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Canada). Ces systèmes, formés de tubes de membrane en polyéthylène aplatis contenant une mince pellicule de trioléine purifiée, absorbent abondamment les produits chimiques organiques neutres en solution qui se diffusent dans toute la membrane de polyéthylène. On a mis des extraits de cette membrane en contact avec des cellules de foie de poisson (hépatocarcinome de Poeciliopsis lucida; HCPL-1), puis on a déterminé l'activité de l'OFM. Les membranes provenant des effluents contenaient de puissants inducteurs d'OFM, équivalents à 4830-8700 pg de tétrachlorodibenzodioxine-p 2,3,7,8 (TCDD)/g de membrane. Les membranes provenant du lieu situé à 0,5 km en aval du déversoir étaient aussi des inducteurs d'OFM, mais environ quarante fois moins puissants que ceux provenant des membranes exposées directement aux effluents. En comparant les sites sur le Mackenzie, les extraits des membranes situées en aval du déversoir de la raffinerie étaient environ 20 fois plus puissants que ceux des membranes situées en amont. Les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) et les HAP de remplacement de formule C1 à C3 se trouvaient en abondance dans les extraits de membrane provenant des effluents et, à un degré moindre, dans les extraits de membrane provenant du lieu situé à 0,5 km en aval. Dans les membranes exposées aux effluents et aux eaux situées en aval, les concentrations des HAP mères étaient inférieures à celles des HAP de remplacement de formule C1. Les concentrations les plus fortes étaient celles des HAP de remplacement de formule C2 et C3. On ne sait pas quels composés présents dans les membranes ont causé l'induction de l'OFM, mais il existait une très forte corrélation entre la concentration totale de phénanthrène/anthracène dans les extraits de membrane et la puissance d'induction de l'OFM. L'étude démontre à la fois l'utilisation des membranes comme concentrateurs des composés organiques neutres dans un environnement difficile (tel celui d'effluents à haute température et de cours d'eau rapides) ainsi que l'utilité et la sensibilité de la lignée cellulaire de foie de poisson pour classer les extraits de membrane environnementale selon leur puissance d'induction de l'OFM