564 research outputs found
Has the âExternal Constraintâ Contributed to Italyâs Stagnation? A Critical Event Analysis
Has the strategy of the âexternal constraintâ (voluntarily limiting the countryâs policy-making discretion by tying it to the European mast) contributed to Italyâs stagnation over the past twenty-five years? The existing literature is divided on this question. The dominant interpretation is that Italyâs stagnation is due to insufficient liberalization, and that the external constraint has had no negative and even a positive influence. An alternative interpretation emphasizes the demand compression and supply-side effects of the external constraint. Based on three case studies of public debt management, privatization, and labor market policy, this paper reconstructs the process by which the external constraint has affected outcomes. It argues that it has had a negative impact, but more as a necessary condition than as a sufficient one. In other words, it would probably have been possible to manage the external constraint differently to produce better outcomes, but without the external constraint, the stagnation would likely have been less deep.Hat die Strategie des âĂ€uĂeren Zwangsâ (die freiwillige EinschrĂ€nkung der politischen Gestaltungsmacht eines Landes durch seine Unterwerfung unter europĂ€ische Vorgaben) zu Italiens Stagnation in den letzten 25 Jahren beigetragen? Die vorliegende Literatur ist in dieser Frage zwiegespalten. Die vorherrschende Deutung besagt, dass Italiens Stagnation einer unzureichenden Liberalisierung geschuldet ist und der Ă€uĂere Zwang keinen negativen, sondern im Gegenteil einen positiven Einfluss gehabt hat. Eine alternative Interpretation verweist jedoch auf die einbrechende Nachfrage und die Angebotseffekte, die der Ă€uĂere Zwang verursacht. Auf der Grundlage dreier Fallstudien zum öffentlichen Schuldenwesen, zur Privatisierung und zur Arbeitsmarktpolitik rekonstruiert dieser Beitrag den Prozess, durch den der Ă€uĂere Zwang Resultate beeinflusst hat. Er vertritt die These, dass dieser Zwang zwar einen negativen Einfluss ausgeĂŒbt hat, dies jedoch eher als notwendige denn als hinreichende Bedingung. Es wĂ€re, anders ausgedrĂŒckt, also wahrscheinlich möglich gewesen, anders mit dem Ă€uĂeren Zwang umzugehen, und zwar so, dass bessere Resultate erzielt worden wĂ€ren; ohne diesen Zwang wĂ€re die Stagnation allerdings wohl weniger einschneidend verlaufen.Contents 1 Introduction 2 Explanations of the Italian decline 3 External constraint as a critical event 4 Adoption of the external constraint The 1970s The Maastricht Treaty Entry into EMU 5 Consequences of the external constraint Management of public debt Privatization Industrial relations and labor market policy 6 Concluding remarks Appendix A Appendix B Reference
The Irish Social Partnership and the "Celtic Tiger" Phenomenon
Ireland is the miracle economy of the 1990s. In 15 years, it transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in Europe into one of the richest. Irelandâs record compares favorably not just with other, much touted examples of economic success in the last few years, like the Netherlands and the US, but also with Asian âtigers,â even before the latterâs economic setbacks of the late 1990s. Understanding the sources of Irelandâs economic success is therefore relevant for a much wider audience than just the people of the Emerald Isle.Introduction 1. The development of the Irish social partnership 2. Does social partnership matter? 3. Multinationals, social partnership, and the âIrish diseaseâ a) The role of multinationals b) The moral economy of wages and the âIrish diseaseâ c) The effects of social partnership 4. The politics of wage restraint in Ireland a) Pro-partnership coalitions b) The problem of compliance 5. Concluding remarks Reference
Beyond Varieties of Capitalism: A Growth Model Approach
Mark Blyth, Lucio Baccaro and Jonas Pontusson explain the concept of national âgrowth modelsâ, drawn from their recent book Diminishing Returns: The New Politics of Growth and Stagnation, highlighting how the concept can help us make sense of recent UK economic and political developments
Radiation and magnetic field effects on new semiconductor power devices for HL-LHC experiments
The radiation hardness of commercial Silicon Carbide and Gallium Nitride
power MOSFETs is presented in this paper, for Total Ionizing Dose effects and
Single Event Effects, under gamma, neutrons, protons and heavy ions. Similar
tests are discussed for commercial DC-DC converters, also tested in operation
under magnetic field
Das deutsche Wachstumsmodell, 1991â2019
This paper analyzes Germanyâs export-led growth model in the years 1991 to 2019 and is specifically aimed at readers with an interest in political economy but without prior knowledge of comparative political economy research. Economic policy operates between the conflicting goals of domestic stabilization and export promotion. German economic growth in the period analyzed was primarily driven by foreign demand, suggesting an unusual calibration of economic policy parameters. This calibration is analyzed in three spheres: fiscal and monetary policy, wage policy, and the finance-housing complex. The growth model had two formative phases, one after the end of the reunification boom and one during the first roughly six to eight years after the introduction of the euro. Restrained fiscal policy, subdued wage growth, and conservative credit and housing policies pushed down domestic growth and inflation but gave the export sector competitive advantages against the background of a price-elastic demand for German export goods. By the end of the period under analysis, the extreme export orientation gave way to a more balanced growth model. The paper concludes with an outlook on possible future paths.Dieser Beitrag analysiert Deutschlands exportorientiertes Wachstumsmodell in den Jahren 1991 bis 2019. Er richtet sich speziell an Leserinnen und Leser mit Interesse an politökonomischen Problemstellungen, aber ohne spezielle Vorkenntnisse ĂŒber ForschungsansĂ€tze der Vergleichenden Politischen Ăkonomie. Wirtschaftspolitik bewegt sich in einem Zielkonflikt zwischen Binnenstabilisierung und Exportförderung. Das deutsche Wirtschaftswachstum wurde im untersuchten Zeitraum vor allem von der Auslandsnachfrage getragen, was auf eine ungewöhnliche Kalibrierung der wirtschaftspolitischen Parameter hindeutet. Diese Ausrichtung wird in drei SphĂ€ren analysiert: in der Fiskal- und Geldpolitik, der Lohnpolitik und im Finanz-Wohnbau-Komplex. Das Wachstumsmodell hatte zwei formative Phasen, eine nach dem Ende des Wiedervereinigungsbooms und eine wĂ€hrend der ersten ungefĂ€hr sechs bis acht Jahre nach der EurogrĂŒndung. Eine zurĂŒckhaltende Fiskalpolitik, ein gedĂ€mpftes Lohnwachstum und eine konservative Kredit- und Wohnungsbaupolitik hemmten das Binnenwachstum und die Preisauftriebe, verschafften dem Exportsektor vor dem Hintergrund einer preiselastischen Nachfrage nach deutschen ExportgĂŒtern aber Wettbewerbsvorteile. Zum Ende des Analysezeitraums wich die extreme Exportorientierung einem stĂ€rker ausbalancierten Wachstumsmodell. Der Beitrag schlieĂt mit einem Ausblick auf mögliche zukĂŒnftige Entwicklungspfade.1 Die Forschung ĂŒber Wachstumsmodelle TheoriehintergrĂŒnde des Wachstumsmodell-Ansatzes Im Zentrum des Interesses: Nachfrageknappheit als latentes Problem Wie wir vorgehen werden 2 Der Export treibt das deutsche Wachstum Die Nachfragekomponenten des deutschen Wirtschaftswachstums Deutschland verfĂŒgt ĂŒber einen groĂen Industriesektor Die Nachfrage nach deutschen ExportgĂŒtern ist preiselastisch Die regionale Struktur der deutschen Exporte 3 Die Fiskal- und Geldpolitik unterdrĂŒckte das Binnenwachstum Die beschwerlichen Neunzigerjahre Deutschlands erstes Jahrzehnt im Euro Die Fiskalpolitik nach der Finanzkrise 4 Die Lohnentwicklung stagnierte Flexible Lohnfindung im Industriesektor Die Lohnentwicklung in den Binnensektoren Normalisierung der Lohnentwicklung nach der Finanzkrise 5 Der konservative deutsche Finanz-Wohnbau-Komplex Die Trends der Neunziger setzen sich nicht fort Der Finanz-Wohnbau-Komplex seit der Finanzkrise 6 Fazit Anhang Literatu
Improvement of several properties of lead tungstate crystals with different doping ions
A very good radiation resistance of Lead Tungstate crystals is mandatory for their use in the high precision electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at LHC. Since the beginning of 1996 we have organised systematic investigations of the parameters influencing the radiation hardness of this crystal. Two classes of parameters have been particularly studied, the first one related to the control of the stoichiometry and structure associated defects, the second one connected with the suppression and the charge compensation of existing defects with different kinds of doping ions. This paper reports about the second part of this study and complements a first paper where the role of the stoichiometry was already discussed. Results of tests are given on a significant statistical sample of full size crystals ( 23cm) which show a considerable improvement in the optical properties and the radiation resistance of appropriately doped crystals
Aging measurements on triple-GEM detectors operated with CF4-based gas mixtures
We present the results of a global irradiation test of full size triple-GEM detectors operated with CF 4 -based gas mixtures. This study has been performed in the framework of an R&D activity on detectors for the innermost region of the first muon station of the LHCb experiment. The prototypes have been irradiated at the Calliope facility of the ENEA-Casaccia with a high intensity 1.25 MeV Îł 60 Co source. After the irradiation test the detectors performances have been measured with X-rays and with a 3 GeV pion beam at CERN. A SEM analysis on several samples of the detectors has been performed to complete the understanding of the physical processes occurring in a GEM detector during a strong irradiation
The CMS ECAL Barrel HV system
The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) comprises 75848 scintillating lead tungstate crystals. 61200 crystals are contained in the ECAL Barrel section and are read out by avalanche photodiode (APD) with internal gain of about 50. This gain is achieved with a high voltage (HV) of about 400 Volts. The gain stability requirement implies a supply voltage stable to within 0.01%. We describe our experience with the installed Barrel HV power supply system, which has been used for data taking since 2008
Surgical site infection after caesarean section. Space for post-discharge surveillance improvements and reliable comparisons
Surgical site infections (SSI) after caesarean section (CS) represent a substantial health system concern. Surveying SSI has been associated with a reduction in SSI incidence. We report the findings of three (2008, 2011 and 2013) regional active SSI surveillances after CS in community hospital of the Latium region determining the incidence of SSI. Each CS was surveyed for SSI occurrence by trained staff up to 30 post-operative days, and association of SSI with relevant characteristics was assessed using binomial logistic regression. A total of 3,685 CS were included in the study. A complete 30 day post-operation follow-up was achieved in over 94% of procedures. Overall 145 SSI were observed (3.9% cumulative incidence) of which 131 (90.3%) were superficial and 14 (9.7%) complex (deep or organ/space) SSI; overall 129 SSI (of which 89.9% superficial) were diagnosed post-discharge. Only higher NNIS score was significantly associated with SSI occurrence in the regression analysis. Our work provides the first regional data on CS-associated SSI incidence, highlighting the need for a post-discharge surveillance which should assure 30 days post-operation to not miss data on complex SSI, as well as being less labour intensive
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