Spatial patterns of medium and large size mammal assemblages in várzea and terra firme forests, Central Amazonia, Brazil

<div><p>Várzea forests account for 17% of the Amazon basin and endure an annual inundation that can reach 14 m deep during 6–8 months. This flood pulse in combination with topography directly influences the várzea vegetation cover. Assemblages of several taxa differ significantly between unflooded <i>terra firme</i> and flooded várzea forests, but little is known about the distribution of medium and large sized terrestrial mammals in várzea habitats. Therefore, our goal was to understand how those habitats influence mammalian species distribution during the dry season. Specifically, we: (1) compared the species composition between a terra firme (Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve) and a várzea forest (Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve); and (2) tested the influence of the várzea habitat classes on the number of records, occurrence and species composition of mammalian assemblages. The sampling design in each reserve consisted of 50 baited camera trap stations, with an overall sampling effort of 5015 camera trap days. We used Non-Metric Multidimension Scaling (NMDS) to compare species composition between terra firme and várzea forests, and used Generalized Linear Models (GLM) to assess how habitat types and a habitat diversity index affect mammal distributions. We recorded 21 medium and large sized mammalian species, including 20 species in terra firme and only six in várzea (3443 records). Flood pulse and isolation in várzea forest drove the dissimilarity between these two forest types. In várzea forest, medium size mammals, in general, avoided habitats associated with long flooding periods, while jaguars (<i>Panthera onca</i>) appeared to prefer aquatic/terrestrial transition zones. Habitats that remain dry for longer periods showed more mammalian occurrence, suggesting that dispersion via soil is important even for semi-arboreal species. This is the first study to evaluate differential use of várzea habitats by terrestrial mammalian assemblages.</p></div

Area of coverage (km²) of the five habitat classes in várzea of Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, Central Amazonia, and the Shannon index in the 500 m and 1000 m scales buffers around the camera trap stations.

<p>Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and between parenthesis minimum and maximum values.</p

Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination of the medium and large mammal species composition in terra firme (T) of Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve (ASDR) and várzea (V) of Mamirauá SDR, Central Amazonia, Brazil.

<p>Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination of the medium and large mammal species composition in terra firme (T) of Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve (ASDR) and várzea (V) of Mamirauá SDR, Central Amazonia, Brazil.</p

Partial regressions of the response variables with significant relationship to the habitat classes in várzea forest of Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, Central Amazonia, Brazil.

<p>(A) Porcupine (<i>Coendou prehensilis</i>)–High Várzea; (B) Composition–Chavascal; (C) Number of Records–Chavascal; (D) Opossum (<i>Didelphis marsupialis</i>)–Chavascal; (E) Coati (<i>Nasua nasua</i>)–Chavascal; (F) Coati (<i>N</i>. <i>nasua</i>)–Soil/Herbaceous; (G) Jaguar (<i>Panthera onca</i>)–High Várzea.</p

Map of the study areas in Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve (MSDR) and Amanã SDR, Central Amazonia, Brazil.

<p>Map of the study areas in Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve (MSDR) and Amanã SDR, Central Amazonia, Brazil.</p

Distribution of the medium and large mammal species records in 101 camera trap stations installed in terra firme forest of Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve (ASDR) and várzea forest of Mamirauá SDR.

<p>The dotted line divides the two forest types.</p

Cephalotes adolphi

Cephalotes adolphi (Emery, 1906) *. Almeirim [DZUP]. Cephalotes atratus (Linnaeus, 1758). Municipality unavailable [Kempf, 1972c; de Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999]; Abaetetuba [MPEG]; Acará [MPEG]; Alenquer [MZSP]; Almeirim [MPEG]; Altamira [MZSP]; Anajás [MPEG]; Bannach [MPEG]; Barcarena [MPEG]; Belém [INPA; MPEG; MZSP; Kempf, 1951; Kempf, 1970; de Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999]; Benevides [MPEG]; Bragança [MPEG]; Breves [MPEG]; Bujaru [MPEG]; Castanhal [INPA]; Conceição do Araguaia [INPA; MPEG]; Cumaru do Norte [MPEG; MZSP]; Curionópolis [MPEG]; Goianésia do Pará [CPDC; MPEG]; Itaituba [INPA; MPEG]; Jacareacanga [MZSP]; Limoeiro do Ajuru [MPEG]; Marabá [MPEG]; Marapanim [MZSP]; Marituba [ANTWEB; CPDC; MPEG]; Melgaço [INPA; MPEG; Andrade-Silva & Almeida, 2020]; Mojuí dos Campos [MZSP; de Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999]; Novo Repartimento [MPEG]; Óbidos [MZSP; Kempf, 1951]; Oriximiná [CPDC; INPA; MZSP]; Ourém [MPEG]; Ourilândia do Norte [MPEG]; Paragominas [CPDC; MPEG; MZSP; Solar et al., 2016b]; Parauapebas [MPEG; MZSP]; Peixe-Boi [MPEG]; Portel [Overal et al., 1997; Harada, 2016]; Primavera [MPEG]; Santa Bárbara do Pará [MPEG]; Santarém [MZSP; Kempf, 1951; Jeanne, 1979; Majer & Delabie, 1994; de Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999; Vasconcelos et al., 2006]; São Caetano de Odivelas [MPEG]; São Félix do Xingu [MPEG]; São Francisco do Pará [MPEG]; São João de Pirabas [MPEG]; São Miguel do Guamá [MPEG]; São Sebastião da Boa Vista [MPEG]; Senador José Porfírio [MPEG]; Soure [MPEG]; Terra Santa [Santos et al., 2008]; Tucumã [MPEG]; Tucuruí [INPA; MPEG]; Viseu [MPEG]. Cephalotes clypeatus (Fabricius, 1804). Municipality unavailable [Kempf, 1972c; de Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999]; Belém [MPEG]; Cumaru do Norte [MZSP]; Mojuí dos Campos [MZSP]; Oriximiná [CPDC; MZSP]; Santarém [Mann, 1916; Kempf, 1951; Vasconcelos et al., 2006]; Senador José Porfírio [MPEG]; Tucuruí [MPEG]. Cephalotes complanatus (Guérin-Méneville, 1844). Municipality unavailable [de Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999]. Cephalotes cordatus (Smith, 1853). Municipality unavailable [Emery, 1894b; Brandão, 1991; de Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999]; Bannach [MPEG]; Belém [Kempf, 1951]; Benevides [MPEG]; Chaves [MPEG]; Conceição do Araguaia [MPEG]; Paragominas [Solar et al., 2016b]; Primavera [MPEG]; Santarém [ANTWEB; Emery, 1894b; Kempf, 1951; Kempf, 1972c]; Santarém Novo [MPEG]; São João de Pirabas [MPEG]. Cephalotes depressus (Klug, 1824). Municipality unavailable [Kempf, 1972c; Brandão, 1991; de Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999];Altamira [MZSP]; Conceição do Araguaia [INPA; MPEG; MZSP]; Curionópolis [MPEG]; Mojuí dos Campos [MZSP; de Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999]; Monte Alegre [MZSP]; Óbidos [MZSP; Kempf, 1951]; Oriximiná [MZSP]; Portel [Overal et al., 1997; Harada, 2016]; Santarém Novo [MPEG]. Cephalotes duckei (Forel, 1906). Municipality unavailable [de Andrade & Baroni Urbani, 1999]; Bannach [MPEG]; Óbidos [MZSP].Published as part of DE ALBUQUERQUE, EMÍLIA ZOPPAS, PRADO, LÍVIA PIRES DO, ANDRADE-SILVA, JOUDELLYS, DE SIQUEIRA, EMELY LAIARA SILVA, DA SILVA SAMPAIO, KELLY LIANE, ALVES, DIEGO, BRANDÃO, CARLOS ROBERTO FERREIRA, ANDRADE, PALOMA L., FEITOSA, RODRIGO MACHADO, DE AZEVEDO KOCH, ELMO BORGES, DELABIE, JACQUES HUBERT CHARLES, FERNANDES, ITANNA, BACCARO, FABRÍCIO BEGGIATO, SOUZA, JORGE LUIZ PEREIRA, ALMEIDA, RONY PETERSON SANTOS & SILVA, ROGÉRIO R., 2021, Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5001 (1) on pages 39-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/512252

Sericomyrmex Mayr 1865

Sericomyrmex Mayr, 1865 Sericomyrmex bondari Borgmeier, 1937. Gurupá [INPA]; Melgaço [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Nova Ipixuna [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Novo Repartimento [ANTWEB; CPDC; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Oriximiná [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Parauapebas [ANTWEB; INPA; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Santarém [INPA; Vasconcelos et al., 2006]. Sericomyrmex mayri Forel, 1912. Almeirim [ANTWEB]; Belém [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Goianésia do Pará [ANTWEB; CPDC; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Marabá [DZUP]; Marituba [CPDC]; Melgaço [ANTWEB; INPA; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Moju [CPDC]; Nova Ipixuna [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Novo Repartimento [CPDC]; Paragominas [CPDC]; Parauapebas [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Portel [Harada, 2016]; Viseu [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]. Sericomyrmex parvulus Forel, 1912. Municipality unavailable [Forel, 1912b; Kempf, 1972c; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Altamira [ANTWEB]; Belém [ANTWEB; MZSP; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Goianésia do Pará [CPDC]; Marituba [ANTWEB; CPDC; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Melgaço [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Nova Ipixuna [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Paragominas [INPA]; Parauapebas [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Portel [Harada, 2016]; Tailândia [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]. Sericomyrmex saussurei Emery, 1894. Goianésia do Pará [ANTWEB; CPDC; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Gurupá [ANTWEB; INPA, Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Marabá [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Marituba [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Melgaço [Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Novo Repartimento [CPDC]; Santarém [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017]; Tailândia [ANTWEB; Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017].Published as part of DE ALBUQUERQUE, EMÍLIA ZOPPAS, PRADO, LÍVIA PIRES DO, ANDRADE-SILVA, JOUDELLYS, DE SIQUEIRA, EMELY LAIARA SILVA, DA SILVA SAMPAIO, KELLY LIANE, ALVES, DIEGO, BRANDÃO, CARLOS ROBERTO FERREIRA, ANDRADE, PALOMA L., FEITOSA, RODRIGO MACHADO, DE AZEVEDO KOCH, ELMO BORGES, DELABIE, JACQUES HUBERT CHARLES, FERNANDES, ITANNA, BACCARO, FABRÍCIO BEGGIATO, SOUZA, JORGE LUIZ PEREIRA, ALMEIDA, RONY PETERSON SANTOS & SILVA, ROGÉRIO R., 2021, Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5001 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/512252

Dolichoderus mesonotalis Forel 1907

Dolichoderus mesonotalis Forel, 1907. Cametá [Borgmeier, 1923]. Dolichoderus mucronifer (Roger, 1862). Municipality unavailable [Kempf, 1972c; MacKay, 1993]; Bannach [MPEG]; São Félix do Xingu [MPEG]. Dolichoderus quadridenticulatus (Roger, 1862). Municipality unavailable [ANTWEB; Emery, 1894b; Emery, 1913b; Borgmeier, 1923; Kempf, 1972c; Brandão, 1991; MacKay, 1993]; Altamira [MZSP]; Belém [MZSP; Kempf, 1970; Kempf, 1972c; MacKay, 1993; Shattuck, 1994]; Melgaço [MPEG]; Monte Alegre [MZSP]; Óbidos [MZSP]; Oriximiná [MZSP]; Prainha [INPA].Published as part of DE ALBUQUERQUE, EMÍLIA ZOPPAS, PRADO, LÍVIA PIRES DO, ANDRADE-SILVA, JOUDELLYS, DE SIQUEIRA, EMELY LAIARA SILVA, DA SILVA SAMPAIO, KELLY LIANE, ALVES, DIEGO, BRANDÃO, CARLOS ROBERTO FERREIRA, ANDRADE, PALOMA L., FEITOSA, RODRIGO MACHADO, DE AZEVEDO KOCH, ELMO BORGES, DELABIE, JACQUES HUBERT CHARLES, FERNANDES, ITANNA, BACCARO, FABRÍCIO BEGGIATO, SOUZA, JORGE LUIZ PEREIRA, ALMEIDA, RONY PETERSON SANTOS & SILVA, ROGÉRIO R., 2021, Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5001 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/512252

Acromyrmex nobilis Santschi 1939

Acromyrmex nobilis Santschi, 1939 *. São Sebastião da Boa Vista [MPEG]. Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich, 1793). Municipality unavailable [Kempf, 1972c; Abreu et al., 1986]; Almeirim [Gonçalves, 1961]; Altamira [Gonçalves, 1961]; Itaituba [MZSP]; Óbidos [Santschi, 1939; Gonçalves, 1961]; Oriximiná [MZSP]; Prainha [MZSP]. Acromyrmex rugosus (Smith, 1858). Municipality unavailable [Forel, 1904b; Kempf, 1972c; Klingenberg & Brandão, 2005]; Altamira [ANTWEB; Santschi, 1925a; Gonçalves, 1961]; Monte Alegre [MZSP]; São Félix do Xingu [MPEG].Published as part of DE ALBUQUERQUE, EMÍLIA ZOPPAS, PRADO, LÍVIA PIRES DO, ANDRADE-SILVA, JOUDELLYS, DE SIQUEIRA, EMELY LAIARA SILVA, DA SILVA SAMPAIO, KELLY LIANE, ALVES, DIEGO, BRANDÃO, CARLOS ROBERTO FERREIRA, ANDRADE, PALOMA L., FEITOSA, RODRIGO MACHADO, DE AZEVEDO KOCH, ELMO BORGES, DELABIE, JACQUES HUBERT CHARLES, FERNANDES, ITANNA, BACCARO, FABRÍCIO BEGGIATO, SOUZA, JORGE LUIZ PEREIRA, ALMEIDA, RONY PETERSON SANTOS & SILVA, ROGÉRIO R., 2021, Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5001 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/512252