ЛАБОРАТОРНА ДІАГНОСТИКА ПОРУШЕНЬ ВУГЛЕВОДНОГО ОБМІНУ ДО ПОЯВИ КЛІНІЧНИХ ОЗНАК ТА НАЯВНІСТЬ КОМПОНЕНТІВ МЕТАБОЛІЧНОГО СИНДРОМУ В ДІТЕЙ НА РІЗНИХ СТАДІЯХ ОЖИРІННЯ

The cumulative metabolic disorders are the foundation for the formation of metabolic syndrome components in obese children. That fact is at the centre of the understanding of the critical role of child obesity in the development of pronounced clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome in adults, although early signs can be detected and corrected in children. The aim of the study – to determine disorders of carbohydrate metabolism before the onset of clinical signs and components of metabolic syndrome in children at different stages of obesity. Materials and Methods. We’ve examined 37 children with a constitutional-exogenous obesity and metabolic syndrome. Laboratory tests of lipid metabolism, transaminases, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) have been conducted. Results. According to the study in children in the early stages of obesity, there have already been significant changes in lipid metabolism, leading to the development of metabolic syndrome. А qualitative assessment of insulin resistance in children with obesity of the first and second degrees, the most pronounced changes were recorded. Statistically significant was the increase in ALT and AST at the first degree of obesity (p <0.05), which causes the strain on the heart and liver at early obesity, thus increasing the risk of pathologies leading to metabolic syndrome. In the group of persons with moderate impairment of carbohydrate metabolism, a decrease in the rate of hepatic glucose production was observed compared with the group of patients with obesity and normal carbohydrate metabolism. The decrease in the rate of elimination of glucose in the blood in the group with moderate impairment of carbohydrate metabolism was more pronounced and statistically significant compared with patients with obesity, but without these disorders (p <0.05) and the control group (p <0.05). Conclusions. Patients showed high frequency of all components of metabolic syndrome. We found a high level of glycemia at the 20 minute of the test (degrees 3 and 4 of obesity), a decrease in the rate of decline in glucose level and a high postprandial blood glucose concentration in case of initial carbohydrate metabolic disturbances according to the IVGTT.Сукупність обмінних порушень, виявлених при ожирінні у дітей, є фундаментом формування компонентів метаболічного синдрому (МС). Цей факт лежить в основі розуміння критичної ролі дитячого ожиріння в розвитку виражених клінічних проявів МС у дорослих, хоча предикторні ознаки можуть бути виявлені й скориговані ще в дитячому віці. Мета дослідження – визначити порушення вуглеводного обміну до появи клінічних ознак та наявність компонентів МС у дітей на різних стадіях ожиріння. Матеріали і методи. Обстежено 37 дітей з конституційно-екзогенним типом ожиріння і МС. Проведено лабораторне дослідження ліпідного обміну, транс­аміназ, пероральний глюкозотолерантний тест (ПГГТ) та внутрішньовенний тест на толерантність до глюкози (ВГТТ). Результати. Згідно з дослідженнями вже при ранніх стадіях у дітей відбувалися значні зміни в ліпідному обміні, що вели до розвитку МС. За результатами кількісних оцінок інсулінорезистентності у дітей із ожирінням I і II ступенів реєструвались найбільш виражені зміни. Відзначено статистично достовірне зростання АЛТ і АСТ вже при I ступені ожиріння (p<0,05), що зумовлює навантаження на серце та печінку при ранньому ожирінні, чим збільшує ризик виникнення патологій, що ведуть до розвитку МС. У групі осіб із помірним порушенням вуглеводного обміну спостерігалося зниження коефіцієнта швидкості продукції глюкози печінкою, порівняно з групою пацієнтів з ожирінням, але без порушень вуглеводного обміну. Більш вираженим і статистично значущим було зниження коефіцієнта швидкості елімінації глюкози в крові у групі з помірними порушеннями вуглеводного обміну, порівняно з пацієнтами з ожирінням, але без даних порушень (p<0,05) і групою контролю (p<0,05). Висновки. Виявлено високу частоту всіх компонентів МС. Маркерами початкових порушень вуглеводного обміну за даними ВГТТ були: високий рівень глікемії на 20 хв тесту (ІІІ і ІV ступені ожиріння), зменшення швидкості зниження рівня глюкози і високий постпрандіальний рівень глікемії

Characterization of transcription within sdr region of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for various infections in humans and animals. It causes localized and systemic infections, such as abscesses, impetigo, cellulitis, sepsis, endocarditis, bone infections, and meningitis. S. aureus virulence factors responsible for the initial contact with host cells (MSCRAMMs—microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules) include three Sdr proteins. The presence of particular sdr genes is correlated with putative tissue specificity. The transcriptional organization of the sdr region remains unclear. We tested expression of the sdrC, sdrD, or sdrE genes in various in vitro conditions, as well as after contact with human blood. In this work, we present data suggesting a separation of the sdr region into three transcriptional units, based on their differential reactions to the environment. Differential reaction of the sdrD transcript to environmental conditions and blood suggests dissimilar functions of the sdr genes. SdrE has been previously proposed to play role in bone infections, whilst our results can indicate that sdrD plays a role in the interactions between the pathogen and human immune system, serum or specifically reacts to nutrients/other factors present in human blood

Long-Term Effects of the Periconception Period on Embryo Epigenetic Profile and Phenotype: The Role of Stress and How This Effect Is Mediated

Stress represents an unavoidable aspect of human life, and pathologies associated with dysregulation of stress mechanisms - particularly psychiatric disorders - represent a significant global health problem. While it has long been observed that levels of stress experienced in the periconception period may greatly affect the offspring's risk of psychiatric disorders, the mechanisms underlying these associations are not yet comprehensively understood. In order to address this question, this chapter will take a 'top-down' approach, by first defining stress and associated concepts, before exploring the mechanistic basis of the stress response in the form of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and how dysregulation of the HPA axis can impede our mental and physical health, primarily via imbalances in glucocorticoids (GCs) and their corresponding receptors (GRs) in the brain. The current extent of knowledge pertaining to the impact of stress on developmental programming and epigenetic inheritance is then extensively discussed, including the role of chromatin remodelling associated with specific HPA axis-related genes and the possible role of regulatory RNAs as messengers of environmental stress both in the intrauterine environment and across the germ line. Furthering our understanding of the role of stress on embryonic development is crucial if we are to increase our predictive power of disease risk and devise-effective treatments and intervention strategies

The Demise of the Members' Association Ownership Model in German Professional Football

German professional football clubs have operated under a members’ association governance structure for several decades. Pressure to change the members’ association governance model in Germany intensified during the late 1990s and as a consequence, governance rulings were relaxed to allow private investment into football clubs. Utilising a case study approach, this article provides a case study insight into Hamburger SV FC, who unlike their counterparts, voted to remain as a members’ association until 2014. The findings highlighted that the governance model helped instil democratic decision-making and influenced the club to favour long-term planning over a short-termist approach. The club faced many challenges to their chosen governance structure due to the growing perception among members that it was hindering the club’s ability to compete on the field. This article contributes to the growing body of literature focusing on the implications a football club’s ownership structure has on performance

Speciation, Luminescence, and Alkaline Fluorescence Quenching of 4-(2-methylbutyl)aminodipicolinic acid (H2MEBADPA)

4-(2-Methylbutyl)aminodipicolinic acid (H2MEBADPA) has been synthesized and fully characterized in terms of aqueous phase protonation constants (pKa\u27s) and photophysical measurements. The pKa\u27s were determined by spectrophotometric titrations, utilizing a fully sealed titration system. Photophysical measurements consisted of room temperature fluorescence and frozen solution phosphorescence as well as quantum yield determinations at various pH, which showed that only fully deprotonated MEBADPA2– is appreciably emissive. The fluorescence of MEBADPA2– has been determined to be quenched by hydroxide and methoxide anions, most likely through base-catalyzed excited-state tautomerism or proton transfer. This quenching phenomenon has been quantitatively explored through steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. Utilizing the determined pKas and quenching constants, the fluorescent intensity of MEBADPA2– has been successfully modeled as a function of pH