Tratamento do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com uréia

O bagaço de cana contendo 55% de matéria seca (MS) foi tratado com cinco níveis de uréia (0; 2,5; 5; 7,5; e 10%) e 5% de soja crua moída como fonte de urease, ambos com base na MS. O material foi armazenado por 97 dias em sacos plásticos (8 kg/saco de 50 L).e, após abertura, amostras foram coletadas em três períodos de aeração (2, 9 e 16 dias). Foi usado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Não houve efeito de níveis de uréia para teor de MS; entretanto, a matéria seca elevou-se com o aumento dos períodos de aeração. Houve também aumento dos teores de proteína bruta e nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido com o aumento dos níveis de uréia e redução com o aumento dos períodos de aeração. Não houve efeito para a fibra em detergente ácido, em função de níveis de uréia e períodos de aeração. A fibra em detergente neutro e a hemicelulose diminuíram com adição de uréia, mas elevaram-se com o aumentos dos períodos de aeração. A digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca aumentou com a adição de uréia. Os tratamentos com uréia alteraram a composição química, melhorando a qualidade do bagaço.Sugarcane bagasse with 55% of dry matter (DM) was treated with five levels of urea (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) and 5% ground whole soybean as a source of urease both, on a DM basis. The material was stored in plastic bags for 97 days (8 kg/ 50 L plastic bag), and after plastic bag opening, samples were collected at three aeration period (2, 9, and 16 days). A completely randomized design with three replicates was used. There was no effect of urea levels on dry matter content; however, dry matter increased with the increase of the aeration time. There were also increase of crude protein and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) with the increase of urea levels and reduction with the aeration periods increase. There was effect for ADF content as function of the urea levels and aeration periods. The neutral detergent fiber and hemicellulose contents decreased with the urea addition, but increased with the aeration periods. The in vitro dry matter disappearance increased with the addition of urea. The treatment with urea changed the chemical composition and improved the bagasse quality

Blocking FSH induces thermogenic adipose tissue and reduces body fat

Functional Genomics of Systemic Disorder

Monte Carlo simulation of diffusion and reaction in two-dimensional cell structures

Diffusion and reaction processes control the dynamics of many different biological systems. For example, tissue respiration can be limited by the delivery of oxygen to the cells and to the mitochondria. In this case, oxygen is small and travels quickly compared with the mitochondria, which can be considered as immobile reactive traps in the cell cytoplasm. A Monte Carlo theoretical investigation quantifying the interplay of diffusion, reaction, and structure on the reaction rate constant is reported here for diffusible particles in two-dimensional, reactive traps. The placement of traps in overlapping, nonoverlapping, and clustered spatial arrangements can have a large effect on the rate constant when the process is diffusion limited. However, under reaction-limited conditions the structure has little effect on the rate constant. For the same trap fractions and reactivities, nonoverlapping traps have the highest rate constants, overlapping traps yield intermediate rate constants, and clustered traps have the lowest rate constants. An increase in the particle diffusivity in the traps can increase the rate constant by reducing the time required by the particles to reach reactive sites. Various diffusive, reactive, and structural conditions are evaluated here, exemplifying the versatility of the Monte Carlo technique

The 'mitoflash' probe cpYFP does not respond to superoxide

Ageing and lifespan of organisms are determined by complicated interactions between their genetics and the environment, but the cellular mechanisms remain controversial; several studies suggest that cellular energy metabolism and free radical dynamics affect lifespan, implicating mitochondrial function. Recently, Shen et al.1 provided apparent mechanistic insight by reporting that mitochondrial oscillations of ‘free radical production’, called ‘mitoflashes’, in the pharynx of three-day old Caenorhabditis elegans correlated inversely with lifespan. The interpretation of mitoflashes as ‘bursts of superoxide radicals’ assumes that circularly permuted yellow fluorescent protein (cpYFP) is a reliable indicator of mitochondrial superoxide2, but this interpretation has been criticized because experiments and theoretical considerations both show that changes in cpYFP fluorescence are due to alterations in pH, not superoxide3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Here we show that purified cpYFP is completely unresponsive to superoxide, and that mitoflashes do not reflect superoxide generation or provide a link between mitochondrial free radical dynamics and lifespan

Choosing Patient-tailored Hemodynamic Monitoring

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2010 (Springer Verlag) and co-published as a series in Critical Care. Other articles in the series can be found online at http://ccforum.com/series/yearbook. Further information about the Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/2855