Un caso di procedura liquida: l’impugnazione della sentenza parziale che rimette una questione alla Corte costituzionale. Nota a Cons. Stato, sent. n. 7076 del 2023

Il contributo annota la sent. n. 7076 del 2023 con cui il Consiglio di Stato ha giudicato inammissibile l’impugnazione contro una sentenza non definitiva che aveva deciso un’eccezione di difetto di giurisdizione e, contestualmente, rimesso una questione pregiudiziale alla Corte costituzionale. L’Autore ricostruisce le ragioni della decisione, analizza la possibilità di raggiungere soluzioni diverse e discute le possibili conseguenze di un giudizio d’appello sull’atto di rinvio alla Corte costituzionale. Nel complesso, l’analisi mostra che il diritto positivo lascia al riguardo ampi margini di manovra ai giudici amministrativi e a quello costituzionale, che possono pertanto orientare le proprie decisioni a ragioni pratiche, in linea con una tendenza di lungo periodo delle giurisdizioni pubblicistiche a intendere la procedura in maniera più flessibile rispetto alla tradizione processualcivilistica.This paper comments on Consiglio di Stato, Judgement No. 7076/2023, which declared an appeal against a partial judgment referring a question to the Constitutional Court as inadmissible. The Author summarizes the judgment, analyzes possible alternative solutions, and discusses the potential consequences of such an appeal on the constitutional trial. The analysis demonstrates that both administrative judges and the Constitutional Court possess wide discretion when addressing these questions. This allows them to make decisions based on practical reasons rather than dogmatic ones. In this regard, the commented judgment serves as a paradigmatic example of the flexible way public jurisdictions have historically approached their procedural rules

Constitutional foundations and limits of punitive power within the integrated legal system

La ricerca affronta la questione della punizione nella prospettiva del diritto costituzionale nazionale integrata con quella del diritto europeo dei diritti dell’uomo. Nella Parte I è sostenuta la tesi secondo cui la trasformazione della Costituzione penale avviata sotto l’influsso della giurisprudenza CEDU rappresenta complessivamente un avanzamento nel processo di costituzionalizzazione del potere punitivo. Questa conclusione è supportata attraverso un confronto della filosofia costituzionale classica sulla punizione con i diversi approcci interpretativi alla Costituzione penale sviluppati durante il XX secolo (approcci tradizionale, costituzionalistico ed EDU). Nella Parte II è invece sostenuta la tesi secondo cui, nonostante gli effetti positivi dell’armonizzazione sovranazionale, lo statuto costituzionale della punizione dovrebbe comunque rimanere formalmente autonomo dal diritto EDU. Non solo, infatti, nessun paradigma dei rapporti interordinamentali finora sviluppato può giustificarne un’integrazione totale, ma essa rischierebbe anche di diminuire la normatività dell’aspetto sociale della Costituzione penale, già ipocostituzionalizzato rispetto a quello liberale. Nella Conclusione sono quindi sviluppati gli elementi fondamentali di un approccio interpretativo alternativo alla Costituzione penale che risponda meglio di quelli esistenti alle esigenze sia di garantire la massima costituzionalizzazione della punizione sia di facilitare l’integrazione sovranazionale. In base a un simile approccio costituzionalmente fondato, sostanzialista, rights-based e inclusivo di tutte le ideologie costituenti, la Costituzione potrebbe essere letta nel senso di prevedere un modello di disciplina unitario per tutte le forme di esercizio del potere punitivo (salvo quello disciplinare, distinguibile sotto l’aspetto istituzionale) caratterizzato da: una riserva di legge a intensità variabile; uno scrutinio stretto della Corte sulla giustificabilità costituzionale della pena; l’estensione dell’ambito di applicazione dei principi di colpevolezza e rieducazione; un pieno sviluppo degli aspetti di garanzia collettiva dei classici principi costituzionalpenalistici (obblighi di tutela penale e garanzia dell’effettiva collocazione della pena in capo al soggetto colpevole), nonché derivabili dall’art. 3 Cost. (proporzionalità della pena alle condizioni materiali del soggetto punito).This research addresses the issue of punishment from the perspective of national constitutional law integrated with European human rights law. Part I argues that the transformation of criminal constitutional law, under the influence of ECtHR jurisprudence, represents progress in the historical process of the constitutionalization of punitive power. This conclusion is supported through a comparison of classical constitutional philosophy on punishment with the different interpretive approaches to criminal constitutional law developed during the 20th century (traditional, constitutionalist, and EHR approaches). Part II argues that, despite the positive effects of supranational harmonization, the constitutional status of punishment should remain formally autonomous from ECHR law. Not only is no existing theory of relations between legal orders suitable to justify total integration, but such integration would also risk reducing the normativity of the "social aspects" of criminal constitutional law, which are already underdeveloped compared to the "liberal aspects". In the Conclusion, the fundamental elements of an alternative interpretive approach to criminal constitutional law, which better meet the needs of both ensuring maximum constitutionalization of punishment and facilitating supranational integration, are developed. Based on a constitutionally grounded, substantive, rights-based, and inclusive approach to all constituent ideologies, the Constitution could be interpreted as providing a unified model of discipline for all forms of exercise of punitive power (except disciplinary sanctions, distinguishable from an institutional perspective). This model is characterized by a reserve of law of varying intensity, strict scrutiny of the Court on the constitutional justifiability of punishment, the extension of the scope of application of the principles of guilt and re-education, and full development of collective guarantee aspects of classic constitutional criminal law principles (positive obligations to punish and guarantees for non-transferability of punishment), as well as those derived from Art. 3 Const. (proportionality of punishment to the material conditions of the offender)

physiological weight loss in newborn puppies of boxer breed

In the first days after birth is common to see weight loss in puppies that should not exceed 10% of body weight at birth. The main causes of weight loss are urine and meconium issued followed by non-recovery of fluids expelled. The aims of the study were to check and outline growth curves in boxer breed during the first two week of life. In our study between 3th and 5th day after birth puppies retrieved the weight and got back a gain that leads to double in two weeks. We observed a mean weight loss of 11.26 g (2.27%) between the first two days of life, subsequently they recovered the birth weight on day four. In our study puppies that regained the birth weight earlier were the puppies with higher weight at birth and were the heaviest at day 13

Metal N,N-dialkylcarbamates as easily available catalytic precursors for the carbon dioxide/propylene oxide coupling under ambient conditions

A series of previously reported homoleptic and non-homoleptic N,N-dialkylcarbamates of a range of non precious metals and N,N-dialkylcarbamate of Al(III) were investigated as easily available and inexpensive catalysts in the solventless synthesis of propylene carbonate (PC) from propylene oxide (PO) and CO2. By operating at atmospheric CO2 pressure at ambient temperature, excellent results were achieved using Ti(O2CNEt2)4, Al(O2CNR2)3 (R = Et, iPr), Cu(O2CNEt2)2 and Sn(O2CNEt2)4, in combination with NBu4X (X = Br or Cl) as a co-catalyst. The reactions of MCl2(O2CNEt2)2 (M = Ti, Zr) with amorphous silica were straightforward through partial release of both chlorido and carbamato ligands, and readily afforded solid materials which were characterized by ICP-OES and EDS analyses, coupled to SEM. These heterogeneous catalytic systems revealed less efficient than the homogeneous counterparts

The influence of motivations to share knowledge in preventing knowledge sabotage occurrences: An empirically tested motivational model

The purpose of this research is to assess the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to share knowledge on knowledge sabotage, in order to shape a motivational model designed to reduce sabotage incidents in practice. It contributes to knowledge management literature broadening our understanding of knowledge sabotage, which has been highlighted as the most extreme counterproductive knowledge behaviour due to its deliberate nature of harming others for personal gain. In fact, even though knowledge sabotage has been widely identified in organizations, we still know too little about such a potentially dangerous phenomenon. In our empirical investigation, data collection took place through online questionnaires addressed to 329 employees and managers of heterogeneous companies from Europe. Data has been analysed employing a structural equation modelling (SEM) technique, whose results confirmed the relevance of this phenomenon and identified a negative relationship between intrinsic motivations to share knowledge and the phenomenon of knowledge sabotage. In the end, our conclusions can be useful to expand researchers' and practitioners' awareness of the most extreme counterproductive workplace behaviour that threatens the process of intra-organizational knowledge sharing

Avaliação do Comer Intuitivo e Fatores Associados em Universitários Brasileiros na Pandemia do COVID-19

Esse estudo avaliou o nível de comer intuitivo e os fatores associados em universitários brasileiros durante a pandemia do COVID-19. Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal realizado via formulário on-line com estudantes de graduação de uma universidade federal do sudeste brasileiro. Foi aplicado o instrumento Intuitive Eating Scale 2 (IES-2). Participaram 876 estudantes, a maioria do sexo feminino (n=647; 73,9%). Morar sozinho (OR=0,356; IC=0,176-0,719; p=0,004), apresentar sobrepeso/obesidade (OR=0,414; IC=0,261-0,656; p0,001) e comer motivado por “controle de peso” (OR=0,457; IC=0,337-0,618; p0,001) ou “controle de emoções” (OR=0,178; IC=0,129-0,245; p0,001) reduziram as chances de uma alimentação mais intuitiva. As motivações por “preferências” (OR=1,565; IC=1,037-2,364; p=0,033), “necessidade e fome” (OR=1,875; IC=1,227-2,865; p=0,004), por “saúde” (OR=1,464; IC=1,011-2,119; p=0,044) e “questões naturais” (OR=1,461; IC=1,086-1,964; p=0,012), favoreceram uma alimentação mais intuitiva. Entender essas associações pode auxiliar no rastreamento de comportamentos alimentares desordenados e estabelecimento de estratégias pautadas em uma alimentação intuitiva, principalmente no contexto de pandemia atual

Evaluation of effectiveness of an innovative semen extender (Formula®) comparing with a traditional extender (Lepus®) for artificial insemination in rabbits does

This study aimed to investigate the preservability and viability of the rabbit spermatozoa diluted in a new semen extender Formula® in comparison with Lepus® at 17 °C of storage. The main characteristic of the new extender formulation is the use of an enzymatic agent associated to a polysaccharide as energy source precursor, added with gentamycin. During eight trials, ejaculates from 70 bucks were collected and diluted at 1:10 ratio with both the extenders, after 24 h of storage the semen doses were used for the artificial insemination (AI). Aliquots of the semen doses for each trial were stored at 17 °C, the total and progressive motility were checked at 0, 4, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108 h of storage. A total of 1267 and 1525 does were inseminated, respectively with Formula® and Lepus®. During storage the mean total and progressive motility (77.23% and 72.854%, respectively) were significantly higher for Formula® (p < .01) and the progressive motility at almost 70% was maintained for at least 60 h vs the 24 h of storage for Lepus® with significant differences after 12 h of storage (p < .05). The new extender reported a higher pregnancy rate (p < .05) and an average of 9.25 rabbits born per litter vs 8.83 for the traditional extender (p < .05), while the mean of the newborn alive was 9.08 using Formula® vs 8.51 with Lepus® (p < .05). In conclusion, the use of Formula® is recommended for rabbit semen AI programmes