13 research outputs found

    « Pourquoi serait-on Indiens maintenant ? »

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    De nombreux villages des Andes du Nord-Ouest argentin revendiquent aujourd’hui le nom de « communautĂ© indienne ». Ce statut donne la possibilitĂ© d’avoir recours Ă  un cadre juridique spĂ©cifique permettant de rĂ©clamer des droits sur le territoire que les habitants, en prise avec des conflits agraires, occupent depuis des gĂ©nĂ©rations. Des militants sont Ă  la tĂȘte de ces mouvements et participent activement au processus d’ethnicisation des demandes sociales qui se gĂ©nĂ©ralisent dans la rĂ©gion. Nous verrons cependant que l’identification des paysans andins aux Indiens n’est pas si simple dans un pays oĂč ces derniers ont toujours Ă©tĂ© invisibilisĂ©s et dĂ©nigrĂ©s. Il s’agira de comprendre comment les militants que nous avons nommĂ©s les « passeurs culturels » ont rĂ©ussi Ă  inverser ce stigmate et Ă  revendiquer cette descendance avec fiertĂ©. Ils participent ainsi Ă  lutter contre des rapports de domination locaux et Ă  Ă©tablir, un tant soit peu, une certaine justice sociale. Nous verrons cependant la façon dont leurs discours, qui ont du succĂšs dans les mĂ©dias, sont interprĂ©tĂ©s et vĂ©cus par les habitants qui ne sont pas tous disposĂ©s Ă  se reconnaitre en un ancĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ© comme barbare et non-christianisĂ©. Il s’agira ici de mettre en lumiĂšre diffĂ©rentes reprĂ©sentations de l’Indien qui cohabitent et souvent s’entrechoquent dans la sociĂ©tĂ© argentine, compliquant ainsi le mouvement d’émancipation initiĂ© par les organisations indiennes.A number of villages in the Northwest of Argentina are adopting the status of “indigenous community”. Being recognised as such afford access to a range of legal instruments that permit communities to reclaim their territories which, despite having been occupied for generations, were taken by large landowners during periods of conflict. Activists are at the forefront of these movements and participate actively in the process of the ethnicisation of social claims common across the region. Nevertheless, the identification of rural Andeans as “Indians” is not simple when Indians have a long history of being rendered invisible and denigrated. The manner in which these activists, whom we describe as “cultural smugglers” have managed to reverse the stigma of being Indian and revindicate it with pride, requires closer study. They participate in a struggle against dominant local discourses in order to establish, if on a modest level, a certain level of social justice. We will explore the ways in which their discourses, which have achieved a certain amount of success in the media, are interpreted and lived by the villagers who are not altogether disposed to recognising themselves as descendants of a barbarian and pagan people. We will shed light on different representations of the Indian that coexist – and sometimes clash – in contemporary Argentine society and how these complicate the emancipation movement initiated by indigenous organisations

    Tourisme, patrimonialisation et politique

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    The « National feast of the Pachamama » which takes place at Amaicha in the north-west Argentina is an example of celebration of heritage with tourist attraction while its stakes are highly political. We show the staging of culture inserted into a tourist development plan has contributed to transform a belief – that of Pachamama (Mother Earth) shared by the Andean world – into a “cultural heritage” singular to this village. This enhancement of a cultural specificity by resorting to tourism has become an important source of income for the village by attracting visitors looking for cultural diversity. This feast, turned into a real identity symbol also took on (in the early to 2000’s), a political dimension when this development plan was announced. It would be the person in charge of “tradition” conferred by the organization of the festivities in honour of Mother Earth that would be invested with authority on the local scene but equally and fundamentally for such national institutions as INAI (Instituto National de los Asuntos Indigenas) or more broadly for International Organizations acting of suppliers of funds for development plans where native culture figures prominently

    Doit-on militer aux cĂŽtĂ©s des Indiens ? RĂ©cit du non-engagement d’une anthropologue sur le terrain

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    Doing fieldwork in a politically active Indianist environment is difficult for anthropologists, especially in the context of multicultural policies through which land rights are based on cultural/ethnic identities. In these circumstances conventional anthropological discourse may become a veritable strategic resource (Agier 1997, Albert 1997, Boyer 2010). In this article I return to discuss my ethnographic experience in Northwest Argentina where a process of ethnicization and territorial demands arose after the 1980s. I describe my first fieldwork trips in 2000 and 2002 giving the reasons why I found myself gradually avoiding becoming politically engaged on the side of the activists. Keeping my distance from the Indian political organization put me in an awkward position vis-Ă -vis my hosts with whom I nevertheless sympathized. I describe the way my decision affected the way I conducted my interviews and carried out my fieldwork in general

    La Pachamama dans tous ses États : les leaders indiens rĂ©duits au silence par les entreprises miniĂšres dans le Nord-Ouest argentin

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    A consequence of the push towards extractivism is the multiplication of social conflicts over environmental issues. This ethnographic article explores the social and ethnic conflicts linked to mining and the political reconfigurations that this produces within the indigenous movement at local and national level. Amaicha and Quilmes, two indigenous communities in the Argentinean Northwest, are 120 kilometers from the La Alumbrera open cast mine. This proximity constitutes an environmental threat (because of air and water pollution) for the villages in the long run. It also represents, however, an asset for the implementation of local collective projects which are financed through the mines’ “social responsibility” program. In this article I will demonstrate how this extractivist multinational company is increasingly involved in the life of both communities. The symbol of the indigene as “guardian of nature”, and her privileged relationship with the Pachamama (mother earth), has helped local activists win a number of agrarian and social battles. It is thus important to analyze the strategies employed by La Alumbrera and the Argentinean government to neutralize all social conflicts and silence the village leaders who have played an important role in the fight for their communities’ rights. Both the mine and the government’s attitudes towards peasant and indigenous communities are subject of ideological and political controversy and debate. I shall demonstrate how this has divided not only the villages but also the national indigenous movement

    « (Des)illusions des politiques multiculturelles »

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    Ce numĂ©ro de L’Ordinaire latino-amĂ©ricain, coordonnĂ© par ValĂ©rie Robin, offre un regard nouveau et original sur les politiques multiculturelles. Rarement critiquĂ©es, elles sont ici questionnĂ©es Ă  partir de cas empiriques oĂč sont montrĂ©es Ă  la fois les avancĂ©es sociales qu’elles permettent, mais aussi – et c’est lĂ  que ce numĂ©ro se distingue des Ă©crits gĂ©nĂ©ralement produits sur ce sujet – leurs limites. Cette approche critique force la rĂ©flexion et elle est importante dans un contexte oĂč ces p..

    Quoi de neuf chez les routards ?

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    Re-devenir Indien en Argentine (Amaicha et Quilmes Ă  l'aube du XXIe siĂšcle)

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    Amaicha del Valle et Quilmes, deux villages du nord-ouest Argentin, ont le statut de communautĂ© indienne depuis le milieu des annĂ©es 1990. Cette Ă©tude s'attache Ă  analyser ce phĂ©nomĂšne de revendications identitaires indiennes et d'en comprendre les enjeux, qu'ils soient d'ordre politique, Ă©conomique, sociaux, culturels, et bien sur territoriaux. Ce travail s'interroge donc sur ce phĂ©nomĂšne complexe et non sans ambiguĂŻtĂ© qui est de re-devenir indien en Argentine . Comment affirmer, revendiquer et mettre en scĂšne une identitĂ© ethnique censĂ©e avoir disparu de la scĂšne nationale ? C'est en terme de processus social et historique et en termes de frontiĂšres qu'est ici analysĂ© le phĂ©nomĂšne d'ethnogenĂšse qui s'opĂšre dans le nord-Ouest argentin. Ce travail montre que ce processus revendicatif s'inscrit dans un contexte continental et mondial plus gĂ©nĂ©ral liĂ© aux droits Ă©laborĂ©s en faveurs de peuples autochtones . Cette Ă©tude ne vise cependant pas Ă  Ă©tablir une thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©rale Ă  propos de l'ethnicitĂ©, au contraire. L'approche comparative de deux villages voisins Ă©loignĂ©s de vingt kilomĂštres, montre que d'un lieu Ă  l'autre, les enjeux des revendications identitaires peuvent ĂȘtre trĂšs diffĂ©rents et que la construction de soi en terme ethnique peut ĂȘtre tout Ă  fait distincte alors qu'on appartient Ă  une mĂȘme aire gĂ©ographique et culturelle.Since the 1990s, Amicha del Valle and Quilmes, two villages in Argentina have the status of "Indian Community". This study analyzes this process of claiming for an Indian identity. To understand the claiming process for an Indian identity it is important to take all aspects of what is at stake into account; political, economical, social, cultural and of course not least territorial. In this work the question is asked what it means to re-become Indian in Argentina. How is an ethnical identity which is supposed to have disappeared from the national arena reclaimed? The process of "ethnogenesis" in North West Argentina is analyzed in terms of social and historical processes as well as in terms of "borders". What this work shows is that the procedure of (re-)claiming the ethnical identity is part of a global context, linked as it is to the developed ideas of the rights of "indigenous people". But, this study does not pretend to be building a general theory on ethnicity. At the contrary, the comparative study of two neighboring villages, situated only twenty kilometers (approximately twelve and a half miles) apart, shows that the claims for identity are very dissimilar. Consequently, how to build your identity can be different even when we are part of the same geographical and cultural area.PARIS3-BU (751052102) / SudocSudocFranceArgentinaFRA

    Identité, culture et intimité

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    MalgrĂ© le long travail de critique des essentialismes Ă  caractĂšre ethnique, racial ou national menĂ© par les sciences sociales, ceux-ci continuent Ă  nourrir de multiples formes de discrimination et de violence. Sur base de ce constat, ce numĂ©ro invite Ă  dĂ©passer les approches qui soulignent le caractĂšre historique et/ou situationnel des identitĂ©s culturelles pour en faire, de façon plus fondamentale, une forme de typification sociale ordinaire, susceptible de prendre une â€˜Ă©paisseur culturelle’ diffĂ©rente en fonction des contextes d’interaction. Prenant appui sur des recherches menĂ©es en AmĂ©rique centrale, en Europe et en Asie, les articles de ce numĂ©ro montrent que les stĂ©rĂ©otypes jouent, pour construire de l’intimitĂ© Ă  l’intĂ©rieur d’une catĂ©gorie d’appartenance, sur des registres culturels privilĂ©giĂ©s tels que la langue, la virilitĂ©, l’usage de l’argent ou encore l’esthĂ©tique du corps. Loin de relever de l’arbitraire, cette articulation entre identitĂ© et culture renvoie Ă  des contextes d’apprentissage et d’expression spĂ©cifiques. Un tel angle d’analyse, qui s’inscrit dans une ambition plus large de dĂ©cloisonnement disciplinaire et thĂ©orique, offre des pistes intĂ©ressantes pour comprendre la rĂ©silience des identifications culturelles
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