Combinaison de faisceaux mutuellement incohérents par amplification paramétrique optique

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier une technique de combinaison cohérente de faisceaux : l'amplification paramétrique optique (OPA) à multiple pompes. Cette technique permet de transférer instantanément l'énergie de nombreuses pompes en un unique faisceau signal sans stockage d'énergie, et ainsi s'affranchissant d'effets thermiques dans le milieu amplificateur. Ceci peut s'avérer intéressant pour combiner l'énergie de multiples lasers à fibre et réaliser l'amplification à forte cadence de lasers très énergétiques ou d'impulsions à spectre large. A l'aide d'un code de calcul général et d'une étude expérimentale utilisant comme cristal non linéaire du BBO ou du LBO, nous calculons dans un premier temps la localisation des pompes autour du signal à amplifier, ainsi que les tolérances angulaires correspondantes qui déterminent la criticité d'alignement d'une telle configuration. Nous nous intéressons ensuite aux mécanismes de recombinaisons parasites entre une pompe et l'idler correspondant à une autre pompe. Après avoir démontré expérimentalement que ces recombinaisons peuvent dégrader les caractéristiques spatiales et spectrales du signal amplifié, nous montrons qu'il est possible d'éliminer ces risques de couplages néfastes en écartant suffisamment les pompes entre elles. Une modélisation originale de l'OPA multi-pompes suggère de relier ces phénomènes parasites aux effets des réseaux résultant des interactions entre les différentes pompes. La dernière partie présente l'expérience d'OPA à 5 pompes qui nous a permis d'atteindre un rendement de transfert énergétique des pompes vers le signal de 27%, et obtenir ainsi un signal plus énergétique que chaque pompe prise séparément.This work deals with a technique of combination of coherent beams: Optical Parametric Amplification (OPA) with Multiple Pumps. This technique is used to instantly transfer the energy of several pumps on one beam, without energy storage and thus avoiding thermal effects in the amplifying media. It can be useful to combine energy of numerous fiber lasers and to amplifiy with a high repetition rate very high energy lasers or broadband pulses. With a numerical and experimental study using BBO and LBO as nonlinear crystal, we determine how to dispose the pumps around the signal and the corresponding angular tolerances of such set up. Then we focus our attention on recombining mechanisms between a pump and a non-corresponding idler. We demonstrate experimentally that these cascading effects may decrease the spatial and spectral quality of the amplified signal, and that these phenomena can be avoided with a minimum angle between the different pumps. A novel modelling of multi-pumps OPA links these cascading effects to the gratings generated by the interaction between the pumps. The last part presents a 5 pump OPA experiment. We achieve a pump-to-signal efficiency of 27% and so that a signal more powerful than each pump is obtained.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Mise en oeuvre de la simulation numérique dans la conception intégrée de pompes hydrauliques

L'hydraulique de puissance joue un rôle majeur dans l'ensemble des systèmes mécaniques nécessitant des puissances massiques élevées. Son champ d'application s'étend à de nombreux domaines tels que les transports de biens et de personnes, les travaux publics, les machines agricoles ainsi que les machines-outils. L'augmentation du prix de l'énergie, les contraintes environnementales ainsi que les exigences du marché mondial imposent aux fabricants d'équipements hydrauliques de produire des composants toujours plus compétitifs et de plus en plus performants. Face à ces exigences l'innovation est primordiale. La recherche et le développement ayant pour vocation la mise en ?uvre de solutions nouvelles ainsi que la compréhension des phénomènes physiques constituent la véritable pierre angulaire de la discipline. Les générateurs de débits, plus particulièrement les pompes à pistons font l'objet de nombreuses études dans le but d'améliorer leurs performances. Ces dernières sont dédiées à la caractérisation de l'évolution des différents paramètres physiques influencés par les conditions de fonctionnement. Elles concernent également la modélisation de leurs comportements ainsi que l'optimisation de la conception de certains de ses composants. Le développement conventionnel d'une pompe fait appel à la méthode expérimentale essais-erreurs avec itérations successives longues et couteuses. L'intégration de la simulation numérique très en amont permet une optimisation des produits par prototypage virtuel tout en réduisant considérablement le coût et le temps de développement. Le travail mené se situe au carrefour de ces deux méthodes de conception dans le but d'améliorer les performances des pompes hydrauliques à pistons. Il s'agit d'observer de quelle façon est mise à profit l'utilisation de la simulation numérique pour la conception de produits nouveaux. A partir des connaissances relatives aux caractéristiques d'une pompe hydraulique à pistons obtenues lors d'essais physiques, l'objectif est de modéliser le comportement de cette dernière. Ce modèle permet d'identifier les paramètres qui influencent de manière plus ou moins significative les performances de la pompe étudiée. Ces derniers constituent le socle sur lequel un travail d'investigation pourra être mené. Ce travail s'inscrira dans un processus de simulations auquel les plans d'expériences numériques permettront d'aboutir aux configurations optimales d'un nouveau produit

Entangled-photon decision maker

The competitive multi-armed bandit (CMAB) problem is related to social issues such as maximizing total social benefits while preserving equality among individuals by overcoming conflicts between individual decisions, which could seriously decrease social benefits. The study described herein provides experimental evidence that entangled photons physically resolve the CMAB in the 2-arms 2-players case, maximizing the social rewards while ensuring equality. Moreover, we demonstrated that deception, or outperforming the other player by receiving a greater reward, cannot be accomplished in a polarization-entangled-photon-based system, while deception is achievable in systems based on classical polarization-correlated photons with fixed polarizations. Besides, random polarization-correlated photons have been studied numerically and shown to ensure equality between players and deception prevention as well, although the CMAB maximum performance is reduced as compared with entangled photon experiments. Autonomous alignment schemes for polarization bases were also experimentally demonstrated based only on decision conflict information observed by an individual without communications between players. This study paves a way for collective decision making in uncertain dynamically changing environments based on entangled quantum states, a crucial step toward utilizing quantum systems for intelligent functionalities

Far-Infrared to Millimeter Astrophysical Dust Emission. II: Comparison of the Two-Level Systems (TLS) model with Astronomical Data

In a previous paper we proposed a new model for the emission by amorphous astronomical dust grains, based on solid-state physics. The model uses a description of the Disordered Charge Distribution (DCD) combined with the presence of Two-Level Systems (TLS) defects in the amorphous solid composing the grains. The goal of this paper is to confront this new model to astronomical observations of different Galactic environments in the FIR/submm, in order to derive a set of canonical model parameters to be used as a Galactic reference to be compared to in future Galactic and extragalactic studies. We confront the TLS model with existing astronomical data. We consider the average emission spectrum at high latitudes in our Galaxy as measured with FIRAS and WMAP, as well as the emission from Galactic compact sources observed with Archeops, for which an inverse relationship between the dust temperature and the emissivity spectral index has been evidenced. We show that, unlike models previously proposed which often invoke two dust components at different temperatures, the TLS model successfully reproduces both the shape of the Galactic SED and its evolution with temperature as observed in the Archeops data. The best TLS model parameters indicate a charge coherence length of \simeq 13 nm and other model parameters in broad agreement with expectations from laboratory studies of dust analogs. We conclude that the millimeter excess emission, which is often attributed to the presence of very cold dust in the diffuse ISM, is likely caused solely by TLS emission in disordered amorphous dust grains. We discuss the implications of the new model, in terms of mass determinations from millimeter continuum observations and the expected variations of the emissivity spectral index with wavelength and dust temperature. The implications for the analysis of the Herschel and Planck satellite data are discussed.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A (16 pages, 9 figures, 6 tables

First Detection of Polarization of the Submillimetre Diffuse Galactic Dust Emission by Archeops

We present the first determination of the Galactic polarized emission at 353 GHz by Archeops. The data were taken during the Arctic night of February 7, 2002 after the balloon--borne instrument was launched by CNES from the Swedish Esrange base near Kiruna. In addition to the 143 GHz and 217 GHz frequency bands dedicated to CMB studies, Archeops had one 545 GHz and six 353 GHz bolometers mounted in three polarization sensitive pairs that were used for Galactic foreground studies. We present maps of the I, Q, U Stokes parameters over 17% of the sky and with a 13 arcmin resolution at 353 GHz (850 microns). They show a significant Galactic large scale polarized emission coherent on the longitude ranges [100, 120] and [180, 200] deg. with a degree of polarization at the level of 4-5%, in agreement with expectations from starlight polarization measurements. Some regions in the Galactic plane (Gem OB1, Cassiopeia) show an even stronger degree of polarization in the range 10-20%. Those findings provide strong evidence for a powerful grain alignment mechanism throughout the interstellar medium and a coherent magnetic field coplanar to the Galactic plane. This magnetic field pervades even some dense clouds. Extrapolated to high Galactic latitude, these results indicate that interstellar dust polarized emission is the major foreground for PLANCK-HFI CMB polarization measurement.Comment: Submitted to Astron. & Astrophys., 14 pages, 12 Fig., 2 Table

Joint 3D modelling of the polarized Galactic synchrotron and thermal dust foreground diffuse emission

We present for the first time a coherent model of the polarized Galactic synchrotron and thermal dust emissions which are the main diffuse foreground for the measurement of the polarized power spectra of the CMB fluctuations with the Planck satellite mission. We produce 3D models of the Galactic magnetic field including regular and turbulent components, and of the distribution of matter in the Galaxy, relativistic electrons and dust grains. By integrating along the line of sight we construct maps of the polarized Galactic synchrotron and thermal dust emission for each of these models and compare them to currently available data. We consider the 408 MHz all-sky continuum survey, the 23 GHz band of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe and the 353 GHz Archeops data.}{The best-fit parameters obtained are consistent with previous estimates in the literature based only on synchrotron emission and pulsar rotation measurements. They allows us to reproduce the large scale structures observed on the data. Poorly understood local Galactic structures and turbulence make difficult an accurate reconstruction of the observations in the Galactic plane. Finally, using the best-fit model we are able to estimate the expected polarized foreground contamination at the Planck frequency bands. For the CMB bands, 70, 100, 143 and 217 GHz, at high Galactic latitudes although the CMB signal dominates in general, a significant foreground contribution is expected at large angular scales. In particular, this contribution will dominate the CMB signal for the B modes expected from realistic models of a background of primordial gravitational waves