A Transient New Coherent Condition of Matter: The Signal for New Physics in Hadronic Diffractive Scattering

We demonstrate the existence of an anomalous structure in the data on the diffractive elastic scattering of hadrons at high energies and small momentum transfer. We analyze five sets of experimental data on $p(\overline{p})-p$ scattering from five different experiments with colliding beams, ranging from the first-- and second--generation experiments at $\sqrt{s} = 53$ GeV to the most recent experiments at 546 GeV and at 1800 GeV. All of the data sets exhibit a localized anomalous structure in momentum transfer. We represent the anomalous behavior by a phenomenological formula. This is based upon the idea that a transient coherent condition of matter occurs in some of the intermediate inelastic states which give rise, via unitarity, to diffractive elastic scattering. The Fourier--Bessel transform into momentum--transfer space of a spatial oscillatory behavior of matter in the impact--parameter plane results in a small piece of the diffractive amplitude which exhibits a localized anomalous behavior near a definite value of $-t$. In addition, we emphasize possible signals coming directly from such a new condition of matter that may be present in current experiments on inelastic processes.Comment: 25 pages, LaTeX (12 figures, not included). A complete postscript file (except figures 1 and 11, which are available upon request) is available via anonymous ftp at ttpux2.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de (129.13.102.139) as /ttp94-03 /ttp94-03.ps, Local preprint# TTP94-03 (March 1994

Worldline Approach to Forward and Fixed Angle fermion-fermion Scattering in Yang-Mills Theories at High Energies

Worldline techniques are employed to study the general behaviour of the fermion-fermion collision amplitude at very high energies in a non-abelian gauge field theory for the forward and fixed angle scattering cases. A central objective of this work is to demonstrate the simplicity by which the worldline methodology isolates that sector of the full theory which carries the soft physics, relevant to each process. Anomalous dimensions pertaining to a given soft sector are identified and subseuently used to facilitate the renormalization group running of the respective four point functions. Gluon reggeization is achieved for forward, while Sudakov suppression is established for fixed angle scattering.Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures in three file

Soft Photons in Hadron-Hadron Collisions: Synchrotron Radiation from the QCD Vacuum?

We discuss the production of soft photons in high energy hadron-hadron collisions. We present a model where quarks and antiquarks in the hadrons emit ``synchrotron light'' when being deflected by the chromomagnetic fields of the QCD vacuum, which we assume to have a nonperturbative structure. This gives a source of prompt soft photons with frequencies $\omega <= 300 MeV$ in the c.m. system of the collision in addition to hadronic bremsstrahlung. In comparing the frequency spectrum and rate of ``synchrotron'' photons to experimental results we find some supporting evidence for their existence. We make an exclusive--inclusive connection argument to deduce from the ``synchrotron'' effect a behaviour of the neutron electric formfactor $G_E^n(Q^2)$ proportional to $(Q^2)^{1/6}$ for $Q^2 < 20 fm^{-2}$. We find this to be consistent with available data. In our view, soft photon production in high energy hadron-hadron and lepton-hadron collisions as well as the behaviour of electromagnetic hadron formfactors for low $Q^2$ are thus sensitive probes of the nonperturbative structure of the QCD vacuum.Comment: Heidelberg preprint HD-THEP-94-36, 31 pages, LaTeX + ZJCITE.sty (included), 12 figures appended as uuencoded compressed ps-fil

Ethnicity, voter alignment and political party affiliation - an African case: Zambia

Conventional wisdom holds that ethnicity provides the social cleavage for voting behav-iour and party affiliation in Africa. Because this is usually inferred from aggregate data of national election results, it might prove to be an ecological fallacy. The evidence based on individual data from an opinion survey in Zambia suggests that ethnicity matters for voter alignment and even more so for party affiliation, but it is certainly not the only factor. The analysis also points to a number of qualifications which are partly methodology-related. One is that the degree of ethnic voting can differ from one ethno-political group to the other depending on various degrees of ethnic mobilisation. Another is that if smaller eth-nic groups or subgroups do not identify with one particular party, it is difficult to find a significant statistical correlation between party affiliation and ethnicity - but that does not prove that they do not affiliate along ethnic lines.Wahlverhalten und Mitgliedschaft in politischen Parteien Afrikas ist nur wenig untersucht worden. Gewöhnlich wird argumentiert, dass Ethnizität als soziale Konfliktlinie das Wahlverhalten und die Parteienmitgliedschaft strukturiert. Da dieses Argument auf hoch aggregierten Wahldaten beruht, kann hier ein ökologischer Fehlschuss vorliegen. Die vorliegende Analyse beruht deshalb auf individuellen Umfragedaten aus Sambia. Das Ergebnis ist, dass Ethnizität tatsächlich eine Rolle für das Wahlverhalten und die Parteienmitgliedschaft spielt, aber keineswegs den einzigen Erklärungsfaktor darstellt. Die Analyse offenbart zudem eine Reihe von Einschränkungen und Qualifizierungen, die teilweise methodischer Natur sind. Eine ist, dass ethnisches Wahlverhalten und Parteienmitgliedschaft von einer ethnischen Gruppe zur anderen unterschiedlich ist, dass, wenn sich kleinere ethnische Gruppen oder Untergruppen mit keiner Partei identifizieren, es schwierig wird, statistisch signifikante Korrelationen zu finden - was indessen noch nicht beweist, dass Ethnizität keine Rolle spielt

Low Q^2 Jet Production at HERA and Virtual Photon Structure

The transition between photoproduction and deep-inelastic scattering is investigated in jet production at the HERA ep collider, using data collected by the H1 experiment. Measurements of the differential inclusive jet cross-sections dsigep/dEt* and dsigmep/deta*, where Et* and eta* are the transverse energy and the pseudorapidity of the jets in the virtual photon-proton centre of mass frame, are presented for 0 < Q2 < 49 GeV2 and 0.3 < y < 0.6. The interpretation of the results in terms of the structure of the virtual photon is discussed. The data are best described by QCD calculations which include a partonic structure of the virtual photon that evolves with Q2.Comment: 20 pages, 5 Figure

A Search for Selectrons and Squarks at HERA

Data from electron-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 300 GeV are used for a search for selectrons and squarks within the framework of the minimal supersymmetric model. The decays of selectrons and squarks into the lightest supersymmetric particle lead to final states with an electron and hadrons accompanied by large missing energy and transverse momentum. No signal is found and new bounds on the existence of these particles are derived. At 95% confidence level the excluded region extends to 65 GeV for selectron and squark masses, and to 40 GeV for the mass of the lightest supersymmetric particle.Comment: 13 pages, latex, 6 Figure

Energy Flow in the Hadronic Final State of Diffractive and Non-Diffractive Deep-Inelastic Scattering at HERA

An investigation of the hadronic final state in diffractive and non--diffractive deep--inelastic electron--proton scattering at HERA is presented, where diffractive data are selected experimentally by demanding a large gap in pseudo --rapidity around the proton remnant direction. The transverse energy flow in the hadronic final state is evaluated using a set of estimators which quantify topological properties. Using available Monte Carlo QCD calculations, it is demonstrated that the final state in diffractive DIS exhibits the features expected if the interaction is interpreted as the scattering of an electron off a current quark with associated effects of perturbative QCD. A model in which deep--inelastic diffraction is taken to be the exchange of a pomeron with partonic structure is found to reproduce the measurements well. Models for deep--inelastic $ep$ scattering, in which a sizeable diffractive contribution is present because of non--perturbative effects in the production of the hadronic final state, reproduce the general tendencies of the data but in all give a worse description.Comment: 22 pages, latex, 6 Figures appended as uuencoded fil

Trends and variation in the management of oesophagogastric cancer patients: a population-based survey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Previous evidence indicates potential variation in the quality of care of cancer patients. We aimed to examine whether recent changes in the treatment of oesophagogastric cancers have been distributed equally among different patient subgroups.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We analysed population-based cancer registry data about the treatment patterning of oesophagogastric cancer (other than oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma) during 1995-2006.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There were 14,077 patients aged ≥40 years (69% men). There was only limited information on stage, and no information on co-morbidity status. During successive triennia, curative surgery use decreased from 28% to 20% (p < 0.001) whilst chemotherapy use increased from 9% to 30% (p < 0.001). Use of palliative surgery and of radiotherapy increased significantly but modestly (7% to 10%, and 9% to 11%, respectively). In multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age group, gender, diagnosis period and tumour type, curative surgery and chemotherapy were used less frequently in more deprived patients [per increasing deprivation group Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.96, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.93-0.99, and OR = 0.90, 95%CI 0.87-0.93, respectively, p < 0.001 for both)]. Chemotherapy was also used less frequently in women (OR = 0.76, p < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>During the study period, curative surgery decreased by a third and chemotherapy use increased by more than three-fold, reflecting improvements in the appropriateness and quality of management, but chemotherapy use, in particular, was unequal, both by socioeconomic status and gender.</p

Prognostic value of Goseki histological classification in adenocarcinoma of the cardia

Various histologic classification systems have been proposed as prognostic factors for gastric cancer. We assessed the prognostic value of Goseki classification as well as the TNM staging system, histological tumour grading, Lauren, WHO, Goseki and Siewert classifications in 100 patients with cardia carcinoma undergoing curative surgery. Two patients were lost at follow-up. The median time of follow-up in the remaining patients was 32.9 months after surgery (range: 0.1–142.1 months). No differences in survival rates were observed according to tumour grading, Lauren or WHO histologic or Siewert topographical classification. No differences were found according to Goseki classes, when considering either the mucin content of the carcinoma (types I and III vs II and IV) or the differentiation grade (types I and II vs III and IV). Multivariate analysis showed that the only lymph node positivity was a significant predictor of survival: 7.2% of patients with, but 41.5% of those without nodal involvement were alive after five years (P=0.0001). In conclusion, we found no prognostic role for Goseki or the traditional histological indexes, while the TNM staging system and particularly lymph node positivity were the main predictors of survival in patients with cardia adenocarcinoma